Weight of Evidence approach for the relative hazard ranking of nanomaterials

References

• Aitken RJ, Chaudhry MQ, Boxall ABA, Hull M. 2006. Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: Current status in the UK and global trends. Occup Med 56:300–306.
   Google Scholar
• American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). 2006. Guidelines for Control banding: Draft AIHA Guidance Document. Fairfax, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Balbus JM, Maynard AD, Colvin VL, Castranova V, Daston GP, Denison RA, Dreher KL, Goering PL, Goldberg AM, Kulinowski KM, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Oberdörster G, Omenn GS, Pinkerton KE, Ramos KS, Rest KM, Sass JB, Silbergeld EK, Wong BA. 2007. Meeting report: Hazard assessment for nanoparticles – report from an interdisciplinary workshop. Environ Health Perspect 115(11):1654–1659.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blaser SA, Scheringer M, MacLeod M, Hungerbühler K. 2007. Estimation of cumulative aquatic exposure and risk due to silver: Contribution of nano-functionalized plastics and textiles. Sci Total Environ 390:397–409.
   Google Scholar
• Borm PJA, Robbins D, Haubold S, Kuhlbusch T, Fissan H, Donaldson K, Schins RPF, Stone V, Kreyling W, Lademann J, Krutmann J, Warheit D, Oberdörster E. 2006. The potential risks of nanomaterials: A review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 3:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxall ABA, Tiede K, Chaudhry MQ. 2007. Engineered nanomaterials in soils and water: How do they behave and could they pose a risk to human health? Nanomedicine 2(6):919–927.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E. 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J Am Chem Soc 60:309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton GA, Chapman PM, Smith EP. 2002. Weight-of-Evidence approaches for assessing ecosystem impairment. Human Ecological Risk Assess 8(7):1657–1673.
   Google Scholar
• Cao G. 2004. Physical chemistry of solid surface. In: Cao G, editor. Nanostructured and nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties & applications. London: Imperial College Press. pp 15–50.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman PM. 2007. Determining when contamination is pollution – Weight of Evidence determinations for sediments and effluents. Environ Int 33(4):492–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhry Q, Scotter M, Blackburn J, Ross B, Boxall ABA, Castle L, Aitken R, Watkins R. 2008. Applications and implications of nanotechnologies for the food sector. Food Additives Contam 25:241–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KL, Elimelech M. 2006. Aggregation and deposition kinetics of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles. Langmuir 22:10994–11001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Tan M, Nemmar A, Song W, Dong M, Zhang G, Li Y. 2006. Quantification of extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheal-instilled particles in vivo in rats: Effect of lipopolysaccharide. Toxicology 222(3):195–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen KL, Elimelech M. 2007. Influence of humic acid on the aggregation of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles in monovalent and divalent solutions. J Coll Inter Sci 309:126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho SJ, Maysinger D, Jain M, Roder B, Hackbarth S, Winnik FM. 2007. Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells. Langmuir 23:1974–1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin VL. 2003. The potential environment impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nature Biotechnol 21(10):1166–1170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deguchi S, Yamazaki T, Mukai S, Usami R, Horikoshi K. 2007. Stabilization of C60 nanoparticles by protein adsorption and its implications for toxicity studies. Chem Res Toxicol 20:854–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN. 2004. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4(1):11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling A. 2004. Development of nanotechnologies. Nanotoday December: 30–35.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson K, McGuinnes I. 2009. Mechanisms for pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. Deliverable 4.4–4.6. Project factsheet: Particle risk project. Available from the website: http://www.iom-world.org/research/particle_risk.php.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson K, Aitken R, Tran L, Stone V, Duffin R, Forrest G, Alexander A. 2006. Carbon nanotubes: A review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety. Toxicolog Sci 91(81):5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson K, Brown D, Clouter A, Duffin R, MacNee W, Renwick L, Tran L, Stone V. 2002. The pulmonary toxicology of ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med 15:213–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson K, Tran, L, Jimenez L, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. 2005. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: A review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman J. 2005. Colloid stability. In: Cosgrove T, editor. Colloid science: Principles, methods and applications. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp 36–49.
   Google Scholar
• Englert BC. 2007. Nanomaterials and the environment: Uses, methods and measurement. J Environ Monit 9:1154–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environmental Defense and DuPont. 2007. NANO risk framework. Environmental Defense-Du Pont Nano Partnership. June 2007.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2003. Technical guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances. Part I, II, III and IV. 2003. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmour PS, Ziesenis A, Morrison ER, Vickers MA, Drost EM, Ford I, Karg E, Mossa C, Schroeppel A, Ferron GA, Heyder J, Greaves M, MacNee W, Donaldson K. 2004. Pulmonary and systemic effects of short-term inhalation exposure to ultrafine carbon black particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195(1):35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Handy RD, Shaw BJ. 2007. Toxic effects of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: Implications for public health, risk assessment and the public perception of nanotechnology. Health Risk Soc 9:125–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen SF, Larsen BH, Olsen SI, Baun A. 2007. Categorization framework to aid hazard identification of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 1:243–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman R. 2006. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: Toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 114(2):165–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helland A, Scheringer M, Siegrist M, Kestenholz HG, Wiek A, Scholz AW. 2008. Risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials: A survey of industrial approaches. Environ Sci Technol 42:640–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain SM, Javorina AK, Schrand AM, Duhart HM, Ali SF, Schlager JJ. 2006. The interaction of manganese nanoparticles with PC-12 cells induces dopamine depletion. Toxicolog Sci 92(2):456–463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). 1994. ICRP Publication 66. 1994. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. A report of a Task Group of the ICRP. Ann ICRP 24(1–3):1–482.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen NR, Møller P, Jensen KA, Ulla V, Ole L, Steffen L, Håkan W. 2009. Lung inflammation and genotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles in ApoE-/-mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 6:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston H. 2009. Evaluating the uptake, intracellular fate and functional consequences of hepatocyte exposure to a range of nanoparticles, in vitro. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Edinburgh Napier University for the award of Doctor of Philosophy. March 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Jortner J, Rao CNR. 2002. Nanostructured advanced materials. Perspective and directions. Pure Appl Chem 2002;74(9):1491–1506.
   Google Scholar
• Kandlikar M, Ramachandran G, Maynard A, Murdock B, Toscano WA. 2007. Health risk assessment for nanoparticles: A case for using expert judgment. J Nanopart Res 9:137–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchner C, Liedl T, Kudera S, Pellegrino T, Munoz Javier A, Gaub HE, Stolzle S, Fertig N, Parak WJ. 2005. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett 5:331–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaine SJ, Alvarez PJJ, Batley GE, Fernandes T, Handy RD, Lyon DY, Mahendra S, McLaughlin MJ, Lead JR. 2008. Nanomaterials in the environment: Behaviour, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 27(9):1825–1851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Erbe F, Mayer P, Takenaka S, Schulz H, Oberdörster G, Ziesenis A. 2002. Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. J Toxicol Env Health A 65(20):1513–1530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Moller W. 2006. Health implications of nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 8:543–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuempel ED, Geraci CL, Schulte PA. 2007. Risk assessment related to nanotechnology: Environmental and policy making. In: Simeonova PP, Opopol N, Luster MI, editors. Proceedings of the nanotechnology-toxicological issues and environmental safety. NATO Workshop, 12–17 August 2006, Varna, Bulgaria. Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Series C: Environmental Security. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. pp 119–145.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlbusch TAJ, Fissan H. 2006. Particle characteristics in the reactor and pelletizing areas of carbon black production. J Occup Environ Hygiene 3(10):558–567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam C, James JT, McCluskey RM, Hunter RL. 2004. Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after tracheal installation. Toxicolog Sci 77:126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanone S, Rogerieux F, Geys J, Dupont A, Maillot-Marechal E, Boczkowski J, Lacroix G, Hoet P. 2009. Comparative toxicity of 24 manufactured nanoparticles in human alveolar epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 6:14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linkov I, Satterstrom FK, Corey L. 2008. Nanotoxicology and nanomedicine: Making hard decisions. Nanomed: Nanotechnol, Biol Med 4(2):167–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linkov I, Satterstrom FK, Steevens J, Ferguson E, Pleus RC. 2007. Multi-criteria decision analysis and environmental risk assessment for nanomaterials. J Nanopart Res 9(4):543–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry GV, Wiesner MR. 2007. Environmental considerations: Occurrences and fate of nanomaterials in the environment. In: Monteiro-Riviere N, Tran CL, editors. Nanotoxicology: Characterization, dosing, and health effects. New York: Informa Health Care USA, Inc. pp 369–390.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay CE, Johns M, Salatas JH, Bessinger B, Perri M. 2006. Stochastic probability modeling to predict the environmental stability of nanoparticles in aqueous suspension. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2(3):293–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maynard AD, Aitken RJ, Butz T, Colvin V, Donaldson K, Oberdörster G, Philbert MA, Ryan J, Seaton A, Stone V, Tinkle SS, Tran L, Walker NJ, Warheit DB. 2006. Safe handling of nanotechnology. Nature 444:267–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard AD, Aitken RJ. 2007. Assessing exposure to airborne nanomaterials: Current abilities and future requirements. Nanotoxicology 1(1):26–41.
   Google Scholar
• Maynard AD, Kuempel ED. 2005. Airborne nanostructured particles and occupational health. J Nanopart Res 7(6):587–614.
   Google Scholar
• Maynard AD. 2006. Nanotechnology: The next big thing, or much ado about nothing? Annals Occupat Hygiene October 14:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan K. 2005. Development of a preliminary framework for informing the risk analysis and risk management of nanoparticles. Risk Analysis 25(6):1621–1635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller NC, Nowack B. 2008. Exposure modeling of engineered nanoparticles in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 428(12):4447–4453.
   Google Scholar
• Nel A, Xia T, Madler L, Li N. 2006. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Review. Science 311:622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B, Dinsdale D, Thomeer M, Hoylaerts MF, Vanbilloen H, Mortelmans L, Nemery B. 2002. Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105(4):411–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Nemery B. 2004. Possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled particles: Systemic translocation and prothrombotic effects. Toxicol Lett 149(1–3):243–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norwegian Pollution Control Authority. 2008. Environmental fate and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Report no. TA 2304/2007. Editors: Joner EJ, Hartnik T, Amundsen CE. Bioforsk, Ås. 64 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nowack B, Bucheli TD. 2007. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment Environ Pollut 150:5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K, Castranova V, Fitzpatrick J, Ausman K, Carter J, Karn B, Kreyling W, Lai D, Olin S, Monteiro-Riviere N, Warheit D, Yang H. 2005a. A report from the ILSI Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute Nanomaterial Toxicity Screening Working Group. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: Elements of a screening strategy. Review. Part Fibre Toxicol 2(8):1–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Lunts A, Kreyling W, Cox C. 2002. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65:1531–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. 2005b. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113(7):823–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G, Stone V, Donaldson K. 2007. Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective. Nanotoxicology 1(1):2–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen R, Handy RD. 2007. Formulating the problems for environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol 41(16):5582–5588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park B, Donaldson K, Duffin R, Tran L, Kelly F, Mudway I, Morin J-P, Guest R, Jenkinson P, Samaras Z, Giannouli M, Kouridis H, Martin P. 2008. Hazard and risk assessment of a nanoparticulate cerium oxide-based diesel fuel additive – a case study. Inhal Toxicol 20(6):547–566.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WAH, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, MacNeel W, Donaldson K. 2008. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nature Nanotechnol 3:423–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulskamp K, Diabaté S, Krug HF. 2007. Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants. Toxicol Lett 168(1):58–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomski A, Jurasz P, Alonso- Escolano D, Drews M, Morandi M, Malinski T, Radomski MW. 2005. Nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation and vascular trombosis. Br J Pharmacol 146:882–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders L. 2008. Hazard reduction in nanotechnology. J Industrial Ecol 12(3):297–306.
   Google Scholar
• Robichaud CO, Tanzil D, Weilenmann U, Wiesner MR. 2005. Relative risk analysis of several manufactured nanomaterials: An insurance industry context. Environ Sci Technol 39(22):8985–8994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J, Thill A, Brant J. 2007. Methods for structural and chemical characterization of nanomaterials. In: Wiesner MR, Bottero JY, editors. Environmental nanotechnology. Applications and impacts of nanomaterials. New York: McGraw Hill. pp 105–154.
   Google Scholar
• Rocks S, Pollard S, Dorey R, Levy L, Harrison P, Handy R. 2008. Comparison of risk assessment approaches for manufactured nanomaterials. Report compiled as part of Defra project (CB403) Final report 30 May 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Ryman-Rasmussen J, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA. 2006. Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties. Toxicolog Sci 91:159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayes CM, Liang F, Hudson JL, Mendeza J, Guo W, Beach JM, Moore VC, Doyle CD, West JL, Billups WE, Ausman KD, Colvin VL. 2006. Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett 161(2):135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). 2007. Opinion on the appropriateness of the risk assessment methodology in accordance with the Technical Guidance Documents for new and existing substances for assessing the risks of nanomaterials. European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection DG. Risk assessment. Brussels: Directorate C: Public Health and Risk Assessment, Unit C7.
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). 2009. Risk assessment of products of nanotechnologies. European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection DG. Risk assessment. Brussels: Directorate C: Public Health and Risk Assessment, Unit C7.
   Google Scholar
• Seaton A, Donaldson K. 2005. Nanoscience, nanotoxicology, and the need to think small. Lancet 365:923–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semmler-Behnke M, Kreyling WG, Lipka J, Fertsch S, Wenk A, Takenaka S, Schmid G, Brandau W. 2008. Biodistribution of 1.4- and 18-nm gold particles in rat. Small 4(12):2108–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semmler-Behnke M, Seitz J, Erbe F, Mayer P, Heyder J, Oberdörster G, Kreyling WG. 2004. Long-term clearance kinetics of inhaled ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from the rat lung, including transient translocation into secondary organs. Inhal Toxicol 16(6–7):453–459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith CJ, Shaw BJ, Handy RD. 2007. Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Respiratory toxicity, organ pathologies, and other physiological effects. Aquatic Toxicol 82:94–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EP, Lipkovich I, Ye K. 2002. Weight-of-Evidence (WOE): Quantitative estimation of probability of impairment for individual and multiple lines of evidence. Human Ecological Risk Assess 8(7):1585–1596.
   Google Scholar
• Shvedova AA, Castranova V, Kisin ER, Schwegler-Berry D, Murray A, Gandelsman V, Maynard A, Baron P. 2003. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66(20):1909–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal Commission Environmental Pollution. 2008. Novel materials in the environment: The case of nanotechnology. 27th report.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering. 2004. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainties. London: The Royal Society.
   Google Scholar
• Warheit DB. 2008. How meaningful are the results of nanotoxicity studies in the absence of adequate material characterization? Toxicol Sci 101(2):183–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed DL. 2005. Weight of Evidence: A review of concept and methods. Risk Analysis 25(6):1545–1557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wick P, Manser P, Limbach LK, Dettlaff-Weglikowska U, Krumeich F, Roth S, Stark WJ, Bruinink A. 2007. The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 168:121–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittmaack K. 2007. In search of the most relevant parameter for quantifying lung inflammatory response to nanoparticle exposure: Particle number, surface area, or what? Environ Health Perspect 115(2):187–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars (WWI). 2008. The Nanotechnology Consumer Inventory. Available from the website: www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 1985. Reference methods for measuring airborne man-made mineral fiber (MMMF), Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar