References, footnotes and reading
- Shapter M J (1993). Image manipulation and the question of ethics. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine Vol 16 No 3 pp130-132 Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford.
- Shapter M J (2009). A Reassessment of the Veracity of Photographs. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia,
- Shapter, Michael (2012). Whence Veracity: are photographs truthful? (e-book published by Smashwords.com) Available through e-book outlets. See especially the final chapter.
- Roland Barthes used the word ‘referent’ in Camera Lucida (p 6, 76, 89) but this is really beside the point; others may have used the term earlier.
- I have used the term ‘bundle of light rays’ for simplicity because the notion of photons exhibiting properties of both waves and particles would require unnecessarily complex definitions in the body of the article. A ray of light is an idealized beam consisting of photons travelling in the same direction. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon). A photon is a subatomic particle that carries an electromagnetic force and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. The photon has a rest mass of zero, but has measurable momentum, exhibits deflection by a gravitational field, and can exert a force. It has no electric charge, has an indefinitely long lifetime, and is its own antiparticle. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/photon (accessed 26/08/2013)
- Crompton P, Smith MA, Leadbeatter S, James R. (2007). Digital imaging in the forensic post-mortem room. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine 2007; 30:10–16
- Ganea, Patricia A., Preissler, Melissa Allen, Butler, Lucas, Carey, Susan and deLoache, Judy S. (2009). Toddlers’ referential understanding of pictures. J Exp Child Psychol. 2009 November; 104(3): 283–295. Published online 2009 June 27. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2009.05.008. Accessed 22.01.2013.
- Legal aspects of these issues are broad and extensive. A brief guide follows in chronological order to help readers who might be interested, to embark on the subject: Benjamin V. Madison III (1984). Seeing Can Be Deceiving: Photographic Evidence in a Visual Age - How Much Weight Does it Deserve?, 25 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 705 (1984), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol25/iss4/9 (Accessed 26/08/2013) Steven B. Staggs (2001). The Admissibility of Digital Photographs in Court. www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.html (Accessed 26/08/2013) Kashi, Joe (2006). Authenticating Digital Photographs as Evidence: A Practice Approach Using JPEG Metadata. http://apps.americanbar.org/lpm/lpt/articles/tch06061.shtml (Accessed 26/08/2013) Brian Barakat and Bronwyn Mille (2012) Authentication of Digital Photographs Under the “Pictorial Testimony” Theory: A Response to Critics. www.floridabar.org/DIVCOM/JN/JNJournal01.nsf/SMTGT/Authentication (Accessed 26/08/2013) Spring, Gale (2013). Forensic Photography - Analysis, Considerations for Defining a Forensic Photograph and Photographer, Final Words, Organizations http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/1135/Forensic-Photography.html (accessed 26/08/2013)