References
- Lobstein T, Frelut ML. Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe. Obes Rev. 2003;4:195–200.
- Schwimmer JB, Deutsch R, Rauch JB . Obesity, insulin resistance, and other clinicopathological correlates of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr. 2003; 143:500–5.
- Kapiotis S, Holzer G, Schaller G . A proinflammatory state is detectable in obese children and is accompanied by functional and morphological vascular changes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:2541–6.
- Brea A, Mosquera D, Martín E . Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with carotid atherosclerosis. A case-control study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25:1045–50.
- Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R . Relation of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis to early carotid atherosclerosis in healthy men: role of visceral fat accumulation. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2498–500.
- Völzke H, Robinson DM, Kleine V . Hepatic steatosis is associated with an increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:1848–53.
- Schwimmer JB, Behling C, Newbury R . Histopathology of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;42:641–9.
- Cali AM, Zern TL, Taksali SE . Intrahepatic fat accumulation and alterations in lipoprotein composition in obese adolescents: a perfect proatherogenic state. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:3093–8.
- Pacifico L, Cantisani V, Ricci P . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in children. Pediatr Res. 2008;63:423–7.
- Demircioglu F, Kocyigit A, Arslan N . Intima-media thickness of carotid artery and susceptibility to atherosclerosis in obese children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol. 2008;47:68–75.
- Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM . Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–3.
- Guzzaloni G, Grugni G, Mazzilli G . Comparison between beta-cell function and insulin resistance indexes in prepubertal and pubertal obese children. Metabolism. 2002;51:1011–6.
- Katzmarzyk PT, Srinivasan SR, Chen W . Body mass index, waist circumference, and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a biracial sample of children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114:198–205.
- Anderwald C, Bernroider E, Krssak M . Effects of insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients on intracellular lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 2002;51:3025–32.
- Caprio S, Hyman LD, Limb C . Central adiposity and its metabolic correlates in obese adolescent girls. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:E118–26.
- Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Pleiner J, Bayerle-Eder M . Exercise training improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1795–801.
- Stefan N, Vozarova B, Funahashi T . Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2002;51:1884–8.
- Krebs M, Krssak M, Nowotny P . Free fatty acids inhibit the glucose-stimulated increase of intramuscular glucose-6-phosphate concentration in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2153–60.
- Derhaschnig U, Bergmair D, Marsik C . Effect of interleukin-6 blockade on tissue factor-induced coagulation in human endotoxemia. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1136–40.
- Jilma B, Li-Saw-Hee FL, Wagner O . Effects of enalapril and losartan on circulating adhesion molecules and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Clin Sci Lond. 2002;103:131–6.
- Yeckel CW, Weiss R, Dziura J . Validation of insulin sensitivity indices from oral glucose tolerance test parameters in obese children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1096–101.
- Burgert TS, Taksali SE, Dziura J . Alanine aminotransferase levels and fatty liver in childhood obesity: associations with insulin resistance, adiponectin, and visceral fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4287–97.
- Carnethon MR, Gulati M, Greenland P. Prevalence and cardiovascular disease correlates of low cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and adults. JAMA. 2005;294:2981–8.
- Roberts EA. Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a “growing” problem? J Hepatol. 2007;46:1133–42.
- Schwimmer JB, Pardee PE, Lavine JE . Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Circulation. 2008;118;277–83.
- Kelishadi R, Cook SR, Amra B . Factors associated with insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among youths. Atherosclerosis. 2009;204:538–43.
- Senturk O, Kocaman O, Hulagu S . Endothelial dysfunction in Turkish patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int Med J. 2008;38:183–9.
- Shiotani A, Motoyama M, Matsuda T . Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese university students. Intern Med. 2005;44:696–701.
- De Caterina R, Basta G, Lazzerini G . Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecole-1 as a biohumoral correlate of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:2646–54.
- Głowińska-Olszewska B, Tołwińska J, Urban M. Relationship between endothelial dysfunction, carotid artery intima media thickness and circulating markers of vascular inflammation in obese hypertensive children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007;20:1125–36.
- Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J. 1990;265:621–36.
- Hoffman RP, Vicini P, Cobelli C. Pubertal changes in HOMA and QUICKI: relationship to hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Pediatr Diabetes. 2004;5:122–5.
- Weiss R, Taksali SE, Dufour S . The “obese insulin-sensitive” adolescent: importance of adiponectin and lipid partitioning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90: 3731–7.
- Yu YH, Ginsberg HN. Adipocyte signaling and lipid homeostasis: sequelae of insulin-resistant adipose tissue. Circ Res. 2005;96:1042–52.
- Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S . Associations between plasma adiponectin concentrations and liver histology in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;64:679–83.