References
- Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, Poole-Wilson PA, . ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2388–442.
- Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, . 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:e1–e90.
- Allison RC. Initial treatment of pulmonary edema: a physiological approach. Am J Med Sci. 1991;302:385–91.
- Johnson MJ, McDonagh TA, Harkness A, McKay SE, Dargie HJ. Morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with chronic heart failure—a pilot study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4:753–6.
- Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, Lopatin M, Fonarow G, Emerman CL. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: An ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J. 2008;25:205–9.
- Garty M, Shotan A, Gottlieb S, Mittelman M, Porath A, Lewis BS, . The management, early and one year outcome in hospitalized patients with heart failure: A national Heart Failure Survey in Israel—HFSIS 2003. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9:227–33.
- Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ, ADHERE scientific advisory committee, study group and investigators. Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: Classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA 2005;293:572–80.
- Sosnowski MA. Review article: Lack of effect of opiates in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2008;20:384–90.
- Cotter G, Metzkor E, Kaluski E, Faigenberg Z, Miller R, Simovitz A, . Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema. Lancet 1998;351:389–93.
- Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH, .; ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators; ADHERE Study Group. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: An analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:57–64.
- Iakobishvili Z, Porter A, Battler A, Behar S, Roth A, Atar S, . Effect of narcotic treatment on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:912–6.
- Grossmann M, Abiose A, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Hoffman BB. Morphine-induced venodilation in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;60:554–60.
- Hsu HO, Hickey RF, Forbes AR. Morphine decreases peripheral vascular resistance and increases capacitance in man. Anesthesiology 1979;50:98–102.
- Shewan LG, Coats AJ. Ethics in the authorship and publishing of scientific articles. Int J Cardiol. 2010;144:1–2.