Is digoxin a breast cancer risk factor?

References

• Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood S. Breast cancer in resource-limited countries. Women's Health 2006;2:797–800.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein L, Ross RK, Henderson B. Prospects for the primary prevention of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135: 142–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szarka CE, Grana G, Engstrom PF. Chemoprevention of cancer. Curr Probl Cancer. 1994;18:6–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronesi U, De Palo G, Costa A, Formelli F, Marubini E, Del Vecchio M. Chemoprevention of breast cancer with retinoids. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1992;12:93–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masood S. Breast cancer prevention: An opportunity for better understanding of time-challenged risk factors. Breast J. 2001; 7:277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyrer J, Duffy SW, Cuzick J. A breast cancer prediction model incorporating familial and personal risk factors. Statist Med. 2004;23:1111–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood S. Breast cancer risk assessment and follow-up management: Is there a magic marker to identify high risk individuals? Breast J. 2009;15:S1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison T, Fauci A. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998. pp 1264–95.
   Google Scholar
• Stenkvist B, Bengtsson E, Eriksson O, et al. Cardiac glycosides and breast cancer. Lancet 1979;1:563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenkvist B. Is digitalis a therapy for breast carcinoma? Oncol Rep. 1999;6:493–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman G. Digitalis and breast cancer. Lancet 1984;2:875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haux J, Klepp O, Spigset O, et al. Digitoxin medication and cancer; case control and internal dose-response studies. BMC Cancer. 2001;1:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenkvist B, Bengtsson E, Eklund G, et al. Evidence of a modifying influence of heart glucosides on the development of breast cancer. Anal Quant Cytol. 1980;2:49–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahern T, Lash T, Sorensen H, et al. Digoxin treatment is associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer: A population-based case-control study. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10:R102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggar R, Wohlfahrt J, Oudin A et al. Digoxin use and the risk of breast cancer in women. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2165–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern T, Tamimi R, Rosner B, Hankinson S. Digoxin use and risk of invasive breast cancer: Evidence from the nurses’ health study and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;144: 427–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifka S, Pita J, Vigersky R, et al. Interaction of digitalis and spironolactone with human sex steroid receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;46:338–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunstein G. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:490–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewertz M, Holmberg L, Tretli S et al. Risk factors for male breast cancer—a case–control study from Scandinavia. Acta Oncol. 2001;40:467–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenfant-Pejovic M, Mlika-Cabanne N, Bouchardy C, et al. Risk factors for male breast cancer: A Franco-Swiss case–control study. Int J Cancer. 1990;45:661–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggar R, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Digoxin use and the risk of cancers of the corpus uteri, ovary and cervix. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:716–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courad S, Dell-Aniello S, Bouganim N, Azoulay L. Cardiac glycosides and the risk of breast cancer in women with chronic heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmia. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;146:619–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson CD, Mawji IA, Anyiwe K, Williams MA, Wang X, et al. Inhibition of the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump sensitizes cancer cells to anoikis and prevents distant tumor formation. Cancer Res. 2009;69:2739–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepp O, Menger L, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Martins I, et al. Anticancer activity of cardiac glycosides: At the frontier between cell-autonomous and immunological effects. Oncoimmunology 2012;1:1640–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbaz HA, Stueckle TA, Tse W, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Digitoxin and its analogs as novel cancer therapeutics. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2012;1:4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kometiani P, Liu L, Askari A. Digitalis-induced signaling by Na +/K + -ATPase in human breast cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2005;67:929–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perne A, Muellner MK, Steinrueck M, Craig-Mueller N, Mayerhofer J, et al. Cardiac glycosides induce cell death in human cells by inhibiting general protein synthesis. PLoS One. 2009;4:e8292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menger L, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Martins I, Ma Y, et al. Cardiac glycosides exert anticancer effects by inducing immunogenic cell death. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:143ra99.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes MD, Chen WY. Hiding in plain view: The potential for commonly used drugs to reduce breast cancer mortality. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14:216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong CC, Zhang H, Gilkes DM, Chen J, Wei H, et al. Inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 block breast cancer metastatic niche formation and lung metastasis. J Mol Med. (Berl) 2012;90: 803–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifka SM, Pita JC Jr, Loriaux DL. Mechanism of interaction of digitalis with estradiol binding sites in rat uteri. Endocrinology 1976;99:1091–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keinan-Boker L, van Der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Peeters PH. Dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:282–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar