Prognostic factors in ALS: A critical review

References

• Armon, C. Motor Neuron Disease. PB Gorelick, Alter, M, editors. Handbook of Neuroepidemiology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1994; 407–54.
   Google Scholar
• Albert SM, Murphy PL, Del Bene ML, Rowland LP. A prospective study of preferences and actual treatment choices in ALS. Neurology 1999; 53: 278–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RG, Munsat TL, Swash M, Brooks BR. for the World Federation of Neurology Committee on Research. Consensus guidelines for the design and implementation of clinical trials in ALS. J Neurol Sci 1999; 169: 2–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borasio GD. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lessons in trial design from recent trials. J Neurol Sci 1997; 152(Suppl 1)S23–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai EC, Flice KJ, Festoff BW, Gawel MJ, Gelinas DF, Kratz R, et al. and the North America ALS/IGF-I Study Group. Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 on progression of ALS. A placebo controlled study. Neurology 1997; 49: 1621–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borasio GD, Robberecht W, Leigh PN, Emile J, Guiloff RJ, Jerusalem F, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of insulin-like growth factor-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. European ALS/IGF-I Study Group. Neurology 1998; 51: 583–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Italian ALS Study Group. Branched chain amino acids and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a treatment failure?. Neurology. 1993; 43: 2466–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris F, Sheperd R, Denys E, U K, Mukai E, Elias L, Holden D, Norris H. Onset, natural history and outcome in idiopathic adult motor neuron disease. J Neurol Sci. 1993; 118: 48–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caroscio JT, Calhoun WF, Yahr MD. Prognostic factors in motor neuron disease: a prospective study of longevity. Research progress in motor neuron disease, FC Rose. Pitman, London 1984; 34–43
   Google Scholar
• Haverkamp LJ, Appel V, Appel SH. Natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a database population. Validation of a scoring system and a model for survival prediction. Brain 1995; 118: 707–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preux P-M, Couratier P, Boutros-Toni F, Salle J-Y, Tarabaud F, Bernet-Bernady P, et al. Survival prediction in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Age and clinical form at onset are independent risk factors. Neuroepidemiology 1996; 15: 153–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louwerse, ES, Visser, CE, Bossuyt, PMM, Weverling, GJ and the Netherlands ALS Consortium. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: mortality risk during the course of the disease and prognostic factors. J Neurol Sci. 1997;152(Suppl 1)S10–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner MR, Bakker M, Sham P, Shaw CE, Leigh PN, Al-Chalabi A. Prognostic modelling of therapeutic interventions amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2002; 3: 15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa D, Lovati R, Ferrarini M, Salmoiraghi F, Filippini G. Survival of 793 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diagnosed over a 28-year period. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2004; 5: 208–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paillisse C, Lacomblez L, Dib M, Bensimon G, Garcia-Acosta S, Meininger V. Prognostic factors for survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients treated with riluzole. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2005; 6: 37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambler N, Charatan M, Cedarbaum JM. Prognostic indicators of survival in ALS. ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group. Neurology 1998; 50: 66–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JR, Annegers JF, Appel SH. Prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the effect of referral selection. Lett Neurol Sci 1995; 132: 207–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, Munsat TL. World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000; 1: 293–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida S, Mulder DW, Kurland LT, Chu C-P, Okazaki H. Follow-up study on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Rochester, Minnesota 1925 through 1984. Neuroepidemiology 1986; 5: 61–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen PB, Hoier-Pedersen E, Jensen BN. Survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in two Danish counties. Neurology 1990; 40: 600–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysnes O-B, Vollset SE, Larsen JP, Aarli JA. Prognostic factors and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 1994; 13: 226–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson EJ, Stalker AP, Kurland LT, Windebank AJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1925 to 1998. Neurology 2002; 59: 280–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chancellor AM, Slattery JM, Frazer H, Swingler RJ, Holloway SM, Wallow CP. The prognosis of adult-onset motor neuron disease: a prospective study based on the Scottish Motor Neuron Disease Register. J Neurol 1993; 240: 339–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor BJ, Codd BM, Corr B, Forde C, Frost E, Hardiman O. Clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the El Escorial and Airlie House diagnostic criteria. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 1171–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiò A, Mora G, Leone M, Mazzini L, Cocito D, Giordana MT, et al. for the Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Register for ALS. Early symptom progression rate is related to ALS outcome: a prospective population-based study. Neurology 2002; 59: 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Aguila MA, Longstreth WT, Jr, McGuire V, Koepsell TD, van Belle G. Prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A population-based study. Neurology 2003; 60: 813–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millul A, Beghi E, Logroscino G, Micheli A, Vitelli E, Zardi A. Survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a population-based registry. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25: 114–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armon C, Moses D. Linear estimates of rates of disease progression as predictors of survival in patients with ALS entering clinical trials. J Neurol Sci 1998; 160(Suppl 1)S37–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaplinski A, Yen AA, Appel SH. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: early predictors of prolonged survival. J Neurol 2006; 253: 1428–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes RB, Colville S, Cran GW, Swingler RJ. Unexpected decline in survival from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1753–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, RB, Colville, S, Swingler, RJ, for the Scottish ALS/MND Register. The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS/MND) in people aged 80 years or above. Age Ageing. 2004;33:131–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebayashi Y, Yase Y, Tnaka H, Shimada Y, Toyokura Y. Prognosis of motor neuron disease in Japan. Neuroepidemiology 1983; 2: 243–56
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Vega JM, Calleja J, Combarros O, Polo JM, Berciano J. Motor neuron disease in Cantabria. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 77: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marti-Fabregas J, Fredas J, Illa I. Prognostic factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurologia 1996; 11: 174–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tysnes O-B, Vollset SE, Aarli JA. Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Hordaland county, western Norway. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 83: 280–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourke SC, Tomlison M, Wlliams TL, Bullock RE, Shaw PJ, Gibson GJ. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2006; 5: 140–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Carvalho M, Matias T, Coelho F, Evangelista T, Pinto A, Luís ML. Motor neuron disease presenting with respiratory failure. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139(Suppl)117–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoesmith CL, Findlater K, Rowe A, Strong MJ. Prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with respiratory onset. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2007; 78: 629–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnus T, Beck M, Giess R, Naumann M, Toyka KV. Disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: predictors of survival. Muscle Nerve 2002; 25: 709–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thijs V, Peeters E, Theys P, Matthijs G, Robberecht W. Demographic characteristics and prognosis in a Flemish amyotrophic lateral sclerosis population. Acta Neurol Belg 2000; 100: 84–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann P, Levy G, Thompson JL, Delbene ML, Battista V, Gordon PH, et al. The ALSFRS-R predicts survival time in an ALS clinic population. Neurology 2005; 64: 38–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beghi, E, Millul, A, Logroscino, G, Vitelli, E, Micheli, A, SLALOM GROUP. Outcome measures and prognostic indicators in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2008;9:163–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cudkowicz ME, McKenna-Yasek D, Sapp PE, Chin W, Geller B, Hayden DL, et al. Epidemiology of mutations in superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 210–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal A, Nicholson G. Age-dependent penetrance of three different superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations. Int J Neurosci 2005; 115: 1119–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juneja T, Pericak-Vance MA, Laing NG, Dave S, Siddique T. Prognosis in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progression and survival in patients with glu100gly and ala4val mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Neurology 1997; 48: 55–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen PM. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene. Curr Neurol Neurosci Reports 2006; 6: 36–47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armon C, Graves MC, Moses D, Forte DK, Sepulveda L, Darby SM, Smith RA. Linear estimates of disease progression predict survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23: 874–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan WW, Hoagland RJ, Murphy J, Armon C, Barohn RJ, Goodpasture JC, et al. and the rhCNTF ALS Study Group. Can we eliminate placebo in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis clinical trials?. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2002; 4: 11–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura F, Fujimura C, Ishida S, Nakajima H, Furutama D, Uehara H, et al. Progression rate of ALSFRS-R at time of diagnosis predicts survival time in ALS. Neurology 2006; 66: 265–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollewe, K, Mauss, U, Krampfl, K, Petri, S, Dengler, R, Mohammadi, B. ALSFRS-R score and its ratio: a useful predictor for ALS progression. J Neurol Sci. 2008, (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armon C, Brandstater ME. Motor unit number estimate-based rates of progression of ALS predict patient survival. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22: 1571–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Carvalho M, Scotto M, Lopes A, Swash M. Quantitating progression in ALS. Neurology 2005; 64: 1783–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald E, Wiedenfeld SA, Hillel A, Carpenter CL, Walter RA. Survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The role of psychological factors. Arch Neurol 1994; 51: 17–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston M, Earll A, Giles M, McClenahan R, Stevens D, Morrison V. Mood as a predictor of disability and survival in patients diagnosed with ALS/MND. Br J Health Psychol 1999; 4: 127–36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ince PG, Lowe J, Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current issues in classification, pathogenesis and molecular pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1998; 24: 104–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olney RK, Murphy J, Forshew D, Garwood E, Miller BL, Langmore S, et al. The effects of executive and behavioural dysfunction on the course of ALS. Neurology 2005; 65: 1774–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomen-Hoerth C, Murphy J, Langmore S, Kramer JH, Olney RK, Miller B. Are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients cognitively normal?. Neurology 2003; 60: 1094–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rippon GA, Scarmeas N, Gordon PH, Murphy PL, Albert SM, Mitsumoto H, et al. An observational study of cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 345–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desport JC, Preux PM, Truong TC, Vallat JM, Sautereau D, Couratier P. Nutritional status is a prognostic factor for survival in ALS patients. Neurology 1999; 53: 1059–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringel SP, Murphy JR, Alderson MK, Bryan W, England JD, Miller RG, et al. The natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1993; 43: 1316–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaplinsli A, Yen AA, Appel SH. Forced vital capacity (FCV) as an indicator of survival and disease progression in an ALS clinic population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 390–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman PL, Belsh JM. Pulmonary function at diagnosis of ALS: rate of deterioration. Chest 1993; 103: 508–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyall RA, Donaldson N, Polkey MI, Leigh PN, Moxham J. Respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory failure in ALS. Brain 2001; 124: 200–13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid EP, Drachman DB, Wiener CM, Clawson L, Kimball L, Lechtzin N. Pulmonary predictors of survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: use in clinical trial design. Muscle Nerve 2006; 33: 127–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablecki CK, Berry C, Leach J. Survival prediction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 833–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis workshop contributors. J Neurol Sci. 1994;124(Suppl)96–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner MR, Parton MJ, Shaw CE, Leigh PN, Al-Chalabi A. Prolonged survival in motor neuron disease: a descriptive study of the King's database 1990–2002. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 995–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor BJ, Alexander M, Corr B, Frost E, Hardiman O. An outcome study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A population-based study in Ireland, 1996–2000. J Neurol 2003; 250: 473–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JD, O'Brien MR, Joshi M. Audit of outcomes in motor neuron disease (MND) patients treated with riluzole. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2006; 7: 67–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, RG, Mitchell, JD, Lyon, M, Moore, DH. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jan 24, 2007; 1: D001447
   Google Scholar
• Mathus-Vliegen LMH, Louwersee LS, Merkus MP, Tytgat GNJ, de Jong JMBV. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and impaired pulmonary function. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 463–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiò, A, Finocchiaro, E, Meineri, P, Bottacchi, E, Schiffer, D, and the ALS Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Study Group. Safety and factors related to survival after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in ALS. Neurology. 1999;53:1123–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes RB, Colville S, Swingler RJ. Frequency, timing and outcome of gastrostomy tubes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. A record linkage study from the Scottish Motor Neurone Disease Register. J Neurol 2004; 251: 813–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan C, Jenkinson C, Holmes T, Feder G, Kupfer R, Leigh PN, et al. Nutritional management in MND/ALS patients: an evidence based review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Dis 2004; 5: 72–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto AC, Evangelista T, Carvalho M, Alves MA, Sales Luis ML. Respiratory assistance with a non-invasive ventilator (Bipap) in MND/ALS patients: survival rates in a controlled trial. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129(Suppl)19–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto A, de Carvalho M, Evangelista T, Lopes A, Sales-Luís L. Nocturnal pulse oximetry: a new approach to establish the appropriate time for non-invasive ventilation in ALS patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 2003; 4: 31–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor BJ, Alexander M, Corr B, Frost E, Hardiman O. Effect of a multidisciplinary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinic on ALS survival: a population based study, 1996–2000. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2003; 74: 1258–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiò, A, Bottacchi, E, Buffa, C, Mutani, R, Mora, G. PARALS. Positive effects of tertiary centres for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on outcome and use of hospital facilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:948–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccolella S, Beghi E, Palagano G, Fraddosio A, Guerra V, Lepore V, et al. ALS multidisciplinary clinic and survival: results from a population-based study in southern Italy. J Neurol 2007; 254: 1107–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddique T, Pericak-Vance MA, Caliendo J, Hong ST, Hung WY, Kaplan J, et al. Lack of association between apolipoprotein E genotype and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurogenetics. 1998; 1: 213–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacomblez L, Doppler V, Beucler I, Costes G, Salachas F, Raisonner A, et al. APOE: a potential marker of disease progression in ALS. Neurology 2002; 58: 1112–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, Cobben JM, Stulp RP, de Jong JMBV, Vogels OJ, et al. Homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron 2 gene is a prognostic factor in sporadic ALS. Neurology 2001; 56: 753–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamez J, Barcelo MJ, Munoz X, Xarmona F, Cusco I, Baiget M, et al. Survival and respiratory decline are not related to homozygous SMN2 deletions in ALS patients. Neurology 2002; 59: 1456–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokic N, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Pradat PF, Dupuis L, Echaniz-Laguna A, Muller A, et al. Nogo expression in muscle correlates with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis severity. Ann Neurol. 2005; 57: 553–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis L, Corcia P, Fergani A, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Bittar R, et al. Dyslipidaemia is a protective factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 2008; 70: 1004–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Vitale A, Cashman NR, Genge A, Arnold DL. Cerebral degeneration predicts survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 1253–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccolella S, Beghi E, Palagano G, Fraddosio A, Samarelli V, Lamberti P, et al. for the SLAP registry. Predictors of delay in the diagnosis and clinical entry of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a population based study. J Neurol Sci 2006; 250: 45–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Carvalho M, Scotto M, Lopes A, Swash M. Quantitating progression in ALS. Neurology 2005; 64: 1783–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradas J, Finison L, Andres PL, Thornell B, Hollander D, Munsat TL. The natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the use of natural history controls in therapeutic trials. Neurology 1993; 43: 751–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman DG, Bland JM. Treatment allocation by minimization. Br Med J 2005; 330: 853
   Google Scholar
• Treasure T, MacRae KD. Minimization: the platinum standard for trials. Br Med J 1998; 317: 363–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwid RS, Cutter GR. Futility studies: spending a little to save a lot. Neurology 2006; 66: 626–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy G, Kaufmann P, Buchsbaum R, Montes J, Barsdorf A, Arbing R, et al. A two-stage design for a phase II clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 in ALS. Neurology 2006; 66: 660–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen AD. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: clinical features and prognosis. Arch Neurol 1978; 35: 638–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo K, Hemmi I. Clinical statistics of 515 fatal cases of motor neuron disease. Neuroepidemiology 1984; 3: 129–48
   Google Scholar
• Chiò A, Brignolio F, Leone M, Mortara P, Rosso MG, Tribolo A, Schiffer D. A survival analysis of 155 cases of progressive muscular atrophy. Acta Neurol. Scand 1985; 72: 407–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubbay SS, Kahana E, Zilber N, Cooper G, Pintov S, Leibowitz Y. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a study of its presentation and prognosis. J Neurol 1985; 232: 295–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiò A, Brignolio F, Meineri P, Schiffer D. Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of dominantly inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1987; 75: 277–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen A, Schulzer M, MacNeil M, Pant B, Mak E. Duration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is age dependent. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 27–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandrioli J, Faglioni P, Nichelli P, Sola P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: prognostic indicators of survival. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2006; 7: 211–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaplinski A, Yen AA, Simpson EP, Appel SH. Slower disease progression and prolonged survival in contemporary patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: is the natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis changing?. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 1139–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kristensen O, Melgaard B. Motor neuron disease: prognosis and epidemiology. Acta Neurol Scand 1977; 56: 299–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsgren L, Almay BG, Holmgren G, Wall S. Epidemiology of motor neuron disease in northern Sweden. Acta Neurol Scand 1983; 68: 20–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortara P, Chiò A, Rosso MG, Leone M, Schiffer D. Motor neuron disease in the province of Turin, Italy, 1966–1980. Survival analysis in an unselected population. J Neurol Sci 1984; 66: 165–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granieri E, Carreras M, Tola R, Paolino E, Tralli G, Eleopra R, Serra G. Motor neuron disease in the province of Ferrara, Italy, 1964–1982. Neurology 1988; 38: 1604–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettoni L, Bazzani M, Bortone E, Descola I, Pisani E, Mancia D. Steadiness of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the province of Parma, Italy, 1960–1990. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90: 276–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcaz S, Jarebinski M, Pekmezovic T, Stevic-Marinkovic Z, Pavlovic S, Apolstoski S. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of ALS in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; 94: 264–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyriou AA, Polychromatopoulos P, Papapetropolous S, Ellul J, Andriopoulos I, Katsoulas G, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of motor neuron disease in south-western Greece. Acta Neurol Scand 2005; 111: 108–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar