Over-ground and robotic-assisted locomotor training in adults with chronic stroke: a blinded randomized clinical trial

References

• Hill K, Ellis P, Bernhardt J, Maggs P, Hull S. Balance and mobility outcomes for stroke patients: a comprehensive audit. Aust J Physiother 1997;43:173–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly-Hayes M, Beiser A, Kase CS, Scaramucci A, D’Agostino RB, Wolf PA. The influence of gender and age on disability following ischemic stroke: the Framingham study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;12:119–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly JO, Kilbreath SL, Davis GM, Zeman B, Raymond J. Cardiorespiratory fitness and walking ability in subacute stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1780–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryerson S. Hemiplegia. In: Umphred D, editor. Neurological rehabilitation. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2007, 857–901.
   Google Scholar
• Hall AL, Peterson CL, Kautz SA, Neptune RR. Relationships between muscle contributions to walking subtasks and functional walking status in persons with post-stroke hemiparesis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011;26:509–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang CE, MacDonald JR, Gnip C. Counting repetitions: an observational study of outpatient therapy for people with hemiparesis post-stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2007;31:3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backus D, Winchester P, Tefertiller C. Translating research into clinical practice: integrating robotics into neurorehabilitation for stroke survivors. Top Stroke Rehabil 2010;17:362–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse S, Konrad M, Uhlenbrock D. Treadmill walking with partial body weight support versus floor walking in hemiparetic subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:421–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan KJ, Knowlton BJ, Dobkin BH. Step training with body weight support: effect of treadmill speed and practice paradigms on poststroke locomotor recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:683–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JL, Roth EJ, Killian C, Hornby TG. Locomotor training improves daily stepping activity and gait efficiency in individuals poststroke who have reached a “plateau” in recovery. Stroke 2010;41:129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCain KJ, Pollo FE, Baum BS, Coleman SC, Baker S, Smith PS. Locomotor treadmill training with partial body-weight support before overground gait in adults with acute stroke: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:684–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klarner T, Chan HK, Wakeling JM, Lam T. Patterns of muscle coordination vary with stride frequency during weight assisted treadmill walking. Gait Posture 2010;31:360–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrman AL, Harkema SJ. Locomotor training after human spinal cord injury: a series of case studies. Phys Ther 2000;80:688–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo G, Joerg M, Schreier R, Dietz V. Treadmill training of paraplegic patients using a robotic orthosis. J Rehabil Res Dev 2000;37:693–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein S, Schmidt H, Volkmar M, Werner C, Helmich I, Piorko F, Krüger J, Hesse S. Muscle coordination in healthy subjects during floor walking and stair climbing in robot assisted gait training. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2008;2008:1961–1964.
   Google Scholar
• Freivogel S, Schmalohr D, Mehrholz J. Improved walking ability and reduced therapeutic stress with an electromechanical gait device. J Rehabil Med 2009;41:734–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner C, Von Frankenberg S, Treig T, Konrad M, Hesse S. Treadmill training with partial body weight support and an electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in subacute stroke patients: a randomized crossover study. Stroke 2002;33:2895–2901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riener R, Lünenburger L, Colombo G. Human-centered robotics applied to gait training and assessment. J Rehabil Res Dev 2006;43:679–694.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lünenburger L, Colombo G, Riener R, Dietz V. Biofeedback in gait training with the robotic orthosis Lokomat. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2004;7:4888–4891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delussu AS, Averna T, Morone G, Bragoni M, Paolucci S, Traballesi M. Energy cost of machine assisted walking in hemiplegic patients: preliminary data (Abstract). Gait Posture 2009;30S:S47.
   Google Scholar
• Magagnin V, Bo I, Turiel M, Fornari M, Caiani EG, Porta A. Effects of robot-driven gait orthosis treadmill training on the autonomic response in rehabilitation-responsive stroke and cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients. Gait Posture 2010;32:199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewer C, Müller F, Husemann B, Heller S, Quintern J, Koenig E. The influence of different Lokomat walking conditions on the energy expenditure of hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects. Gait Posture 2007;26:372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ada L, Dean CM, Vargas J, Ennis S. Mechanically assisted walking with body weight support results in more independent walking than assisted overground walking in non-ambulatory patients early after stroke: a systematic review. J Physiother 2010;56:153–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD006185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr A, Kofler M, Quirbach E, Matzak H, Fröhlich K, Saltuari L. Prospective, blinded, randomized crossover study of gait rehabilitation in stroke patients using the Lokomat gait orthosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2007;21:307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz I, Sajin A, Fisher I, Neeb M, Shochina M, Katz-Leurer M, Meiner Z. The effectiveness of locomotor therapy using robotic-assisted gait training in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. PM R 2009;1:516–523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husemann B, Müller F, Krewer C, Heller S, Koenig E. Effects of locomotion training with assistance of a robot-driven gait orthosis in hemiparetic patients after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Stroke 2007;38:349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornby TG, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, Demott T, Moore JL, Roth HR. Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist- versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke 2008;39:1786–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlake KP, Patten C. Pilot study of Lokomat versus manual-assisted treadmill training for locomotor recovery post-stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2009;6:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Sullivan KJ, Behrman AL, Azen SP, Wu SS, Nadeau SE, Dobkin BH et al.; LEAPS Investigative Team. Body-weight-supported treadmill rehabilitation after stroke. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2026–2036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Sullivan KJ, Behrman AL, Azen SP, Wu SS, Nadeau SE, Dobkin BH et al.; LEAPS Investigative Team. Protocol for the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-stroke (LEAPS) trial: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2007;7:39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jette AM. Toward a common language for function, disability, and health. Phys Ther 2006;86:726–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butland RJA, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM. 2-, 6-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. Br Med J 1982;284:1607–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson S, Connell L. The psychometric properties and clinical utility of measures of walking and mobility in neurological conditions: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2009;23:1018–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugl-Meyer AR, Jääskö L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med 1975;7:13–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan PW, Goldstein LB, Horner RD, Landsman PB, Samsa GP, Matchar DB. Similar motor recovery of upper and lower extremities after stroke. Stroke 1994;25:1181–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS. The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. Adv Clin Rehabil 1987;1:6–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houlden H, Edwards M, McNeil J, Greenwood R. Use of the Barthel Index and the Functional Independence Measure during early inpatient rehabilitation after single incident brain injury. Clin Rehabil 2006;20:153–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the barthel index. Md State Med J 1965;14:61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ. The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke 1999;30:2131–2140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Wallace D, Studenski S, Lai SM, Johnson D. Conceptualization of a new stroke-specific outcome measure: the stroke impact scale. Top Stroke Rehabil 2001;8:19–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan PW, Bode RK, Min Lai S, Perera S; Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection Americans Investigators. Rasch analysis of a new stroke-specific outcome scale: the Stroke Impact Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:950–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Perry J, Garrett M, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ. Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke 1995;26:982–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Pathokinesiology Service & The Physical Therapy Department, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center. Observational Gait Analysis. Downey, CA: Los Amigos Research and Education Institute, Inc., 2001, 33.
   Google Scholar
• Enright PL, Sherrill DL. Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1384–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova C, Celli BR, Barria P, Casas A, Cote C, de Torres JP, Jardim J et al.; Six Minute Walk Distance Project (ALAT). The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries. Eur Respir J 2011;37:150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulk GD, Ludwig M, Dunning K, Golden S, Boyne P, West T. Estimating clinically important change in gait speed in people with stroke undergoing outpatient rehabilitation. J Neurol Phys Ther 2011;35:82–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilson JK, Sullivan KJ, Cen SY, Rose DK, Koradia CH, Azen SP, Duncan PW; Locomotor Experience Applied Post Stroke (LEAPS) Investigative Team. Meaningful gait speed improvement during the first 60 days poststroke: minimal clinically important difference. Phys Ther 2010;90:196–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Loo MA, Moseley AM, Bosman JM, de Bie RA, Hassett L. Test-re-test reliability of walking speed, step length and step width measurement after traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Brain Inj 2004;18:1041–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gremeaux V, Troisgros O, Benaïm S, Hannequin A, Laurent Y, Casillas JM, Benaïm C. Determining the minimal clinically important difference for the six-minute walk test and the 200-meter fast-walk test during cardiac rehabilitation program in coronary artery disease patients after acute coronary syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92:611–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Bois RM, Weycker D, Albera C, Bradford WZ, Costabel U, Kartashov A, Lancaster L et al. Six-minute-walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:1231–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise RA, Brown CD. Minimal clinically important differences in the six-minute walk test and the incremental shuttle walking test. COPD 2005;2:125–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J, Drutz C, Kumar R, McVicar L, Weinberger R, Brooks D, Salbach NM. Use of the six-minute walk test poststroke: is there a practice effect? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1686–1692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulk GD, Echternach JL, Nof L, O’Sullivan S. Clinometric properties of the six-minute walk test in individuals undergoing rehabilitation poststroke. Physiother Theory Pract 2008;24:195–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Studenski SA, Wallace D, Duncan PW, Rymer M, Lai SM. Predicting stroke recovery: three- and six-month rates of patient-centered functional outcomes based on the orpington prognostic scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:308–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CV, Albrecht GL, Hamilton BB. Outcome of comprehensive medical rehabilitation: measurement by PULSES profile and the Barthel Index. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979;60:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson CS, Linto J, Stewart-Wynne EG. A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1995;26:843–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopunek SP, Michael KM, Shaughnessy M, Resnick B, Nahm ES, Whitall J, Goldberg A, Macko RF. Cardiovascular risk in survivors of stroke. Am J Prev Med 2007;32:408–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar