211
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Using senses to encourage head and upper limb voluntary movement in young infants: Implications for early intervention

Pages 295-314 | Received 25 Jun 2014, Accepted 21 Dec 2014, Published online: 31 Mar 2015

References

  • Karmiloff-Smith A. Preaching to the converted? From constructivism to neuroconstructivism. Child Development Perspectives 2009;3:99–102
  • Johnson MH. Functional brain development in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001;2:475–483
  • Stiles J. The fundamentals of brain development: Integrating nature and nurture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2008
  • Bradley RM. Development of taste bud and gustatory papillae in human fetuses. In: Bosma JF, editor. The third symposium on oral sensation and perception: The mouth of the infant. Springfileld, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1972. pp 92–97
  • Clifton RK, Morrongiello BA, Kulig JW, Dowd JM. Newborns' orientation toward sound: Possible implications for cortical development. Child Development 1981;52:833–838
  • Edelman G. Neural Darwinism. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1987
  • Stiles J. On genes, brains, and behavior: Why should developmental psychologists care about brain development? Child Development Perspectives 2009;3:196–202
  • Piaget J. The origins of intelligence in children. New York: W.W. Norton; 1952
  • James KH. Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. Developmental Science 2010;13:279–288
  • Lungarella M, Pegors T, Bulwinkle D, Sporns O. Methods for quantifying the informational structure of sensory and motor data. Neuroinformatics 2005;3:243–262
  • McIntosh AR, Fitzpatrick SM, Friston KJ. On the marriage of cognition and neuroscience. NeuroImage 2001;14:1231–1237
  • Metta G, Fitzpatrick P. Early integration of vision and manipulation. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 2003;4:2703
  • Needham A, Barrett T, Peterman K. A pick-me-up for infants’ exploratory skills: Early simulated experiences reaching for objects using ‘sticky mittens’ enhances young infants’ object exploration skills. Infant Behavior & Development 2002;25:279–295
  • Libertus K, Needham A. Teach to reach: The effects of active vs. passive reaching experiences on action and perception. Vision Research 2010;50:2750–2757
  • Twitchell T. Reflex mechanisms and the development of prehension. In: Connolly K, editor. Mechanisms of motor skill development. NY: Academic Press; 1970. pp 75–82
  • Barr RG, Pantel MS, Young SN, Wright JH, Hendricks LA, Gravel R. The response of crying newborns to sucrose: Is it a “sweetness” effect? Physiology & Behaviour 1999;66:409–417
  • Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R. Responsiveness to the odour of amniotic fluid in the human neonate. Biology of the Neonate 1995;67:397–406
  • Bower TG, Broughton JM, Moore MK. Demonstration of intention in the reaching behaviour of neonate humans. Nature 1970;228:679–681
  • Clarkson MG, Clifton RK, Swain IU, Perris EE. Stimulus duration and repetition rate influence newborns' head orientation toward sound. Developmental Psychobiology 1989;22:683–705
  • Taub E, Griffin A, Nick J, Gammons K, Uswatte G, Law CR. Pediatric CI therapy for stroke-induced hemiparesis in young children. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2007;10:3–18
  • Adolph KE, Vereijken B, Shrout PE. What changes in infant walking and why. Child Development 2003;74:475–497
  • Angulo-Barroso R, Burghardt AR, Lloyd M, Ulrich DA. Physical activity in infants with Down syndrome receiving a treadmill intervention. Infant Behaviour & Developement 2008;31:255–269
  • Chapman D. Context effects on the spontaneous leg movements of infants with spina bifida. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2002;14:62–73
  • Jensen JL, Schneider K, Ulrich BD, Zernicke RF, Thelen E. Adaptive dynamics of the leg movement patterns of human infants: II. Treadmill stepping in infants and adults. Journal of Motor Behavior 1994;26:313–324
  • Mazur JM, Shurtleff D, Menelaus M, Colliver J. Orthopaedic management of high-level spina bifida. Early walking compared with early use of a wheelchair. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume 1989;71:56–61
  • Rademacher N, Black DP, Ulrich BD. Early spontaneous leg movements in infants born with and without myelomeningocele. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2008;20:137–145
  • Ulrich DA, Lloyd MC, Tiernan CW, Looper JE, Angulo-Barroso RM. Effects of intensity of treadmill training on developmental outcomes and stepping in infants with Down syndrome: A randomized trial. Physical Therapy 2008;88:114–122
  • Ulrich DA, Ulrich BD, Angulo-Kinzler RM, Yun J. Treadmill training of infants with Down syndrome: Evidence-based developmental outcomes. Pediatrics 2001;108:E84
  • Vereijken B, Thelen E. Training infant treadmill stepping: The role of individual pattern stability. Developmental Psychobiology 1997;30:89–102
  • Palmer FB, Shapiro BK, Allen MC, Mosher BS, Bilker SA, Harryman SE, Meinert CL, Capute AJ. Infant stimulation curriculum for infants with cerebral palsy: Effects on infant temperament, parent-infant interaction, and home environment. Pediatrics 1990;85:411–415
  • Weindling AM, Hallam P, Gregg J, Klenka H, Rosenbloom L, Hutton JL. A randomized controlled trial of early physiotherapy for high-risk infants. Acta Paediatrica 1996;85:1107–1111
  • Kanda T, Pidcock FS, Hayakawa K, Yamori Y, Shikata Y. Motor outcome differences between two groups of children with spastic diplegia who received different intensities of early onset physiotherapy followed for 5 years. Brain and Development 2004;26:118–126
  • Procianoy RS, Mendes EW, Silveira RC. Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants. Early Human Development 2010;86:7–11
  • Tessier R, Cristo MB, Velez S, Giron M, Nadeau L, Figueroa de Calume Z, Ruiz-Paláez JG, Charpak N. Kangaroo Mother Care: A method for protecting high-risk low-birth-weight and premature infants against developmental delay. Infant Behavior and Development 2003;26:384–397
  • Als H, Lawhon G, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Gibes-Grossman R, Blickman JG. Individualized developmental care for the very low-birth-weight preterm infant. Medical and neurofunctional effects. JAMA 1994;272:853–858
  • Cagan RH. Neural mechanisms in taste. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 1989
  • Rosenstein D, Oster H. Differential facial responses to 4 basic tastes in newborns. Child Development 1988;59:1555–1568
  • Ganchrow JR, Steiner JE, Daher M. Neonatal facial expressions in response to different qualities and intensities of gustatory stimuli. Infant Behavior and Development 1983;6:473–484
  • Barr RG, Quek VSH, Cousineau D, Oberlander TF, Brian JA, Young SN. Effects of intraoral sucrose on crying, mouthing and hand-mouth contact in newborn and 6-week-old infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1994;36:608–618
  • Graillon A, Barr RG, Young SN, Wright JH, Hendricks LA. Differential response to intraoral sucrose, quinine and corn oil in crying human newborns. Physiology and Behavior 1997;62:317–325
  • Blass EM, Fillion TJ, Rochat P, Hoffmeyer LB, Metzger MA. Sensorimotor and motivational determinants of hand mouth coordination in 1–3-day-old human infants. Developmental Psychology 1989;25:963–975
  • Smith BA, Fillion TJ, Blass EM. Orally mediated sources of calming in 1-day-old to 3-day-old human infants. Developmental Psychology 1990;26:731–737
  • Rochat P, Blass EM, Hoffmeyer LB. Oropharyngeal control of hand mouth coordination in newborn-infants. Developmental Psychology 1988;24:459–463
  • Butterworth G, Hopkins B. Hand mouth coordination in the newborn baby. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1988;6:303–314
  • Lew AR, Butterworth G. The effects of hunger on hand-mouth coordination in newborn-infants. Developmental Psychology 1995;31:456–463
  • Buka SL, Lipsitt LP. Newborn sucking behavior and its relation to grasping. Infant Behavior and Development 1991;14:59–67
  • Prechtl H. The neurological examination of the full term newborn infant. In: Prechtl H, editor. Clinics in developmental medicine. 2nd rev ed. London: Heinemann; 1977. pp 102–125
  • Blass EM, Ciaramitaro V. A new look at some old mechanisms in human newborns: Taste and tactile determinants of state, affect, and action. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 1994;59:I–V, 1–81
  • Barr RG, Young SN, Alkawaf R, Wertheim L. Does mature hindmilk taste calm crying infants? Pediatric Research 1996;39:79
  • Blass EM. Infant formula quiets crying human newborns. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1997;18:162–165
  • von Hofsten C. Eye-hand coordination in the newborn. Developmental Psychology 1982;18:450–461
  • Carmichael ST, Price JL. Sensory and premotor connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1995;363:642–664
  • Rizzolatti G, Camarda R, Fogassi L, Gentilucci M, Luppino G, Matelli M. Functional-organization of inferior area-6 in the Macaque monkey.2. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Experimental Brain Research 1988;71:491–507
  • Preuss TM, Stepniewska I, Kaas JH. Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: A microstimulation study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1996;371:649–676
  • Chuah MH, Fardman AI. Developmental anatomy of the olfactory system. In: Doty RL, editor. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995. pp 147–170
  • Sarnat HB. Olfactory reflexes in the newborn infant. Journal of Pediatrics 1978;92:624–626
  • Browne JV. Chemosensory development in the fetus and newborn. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 2008;8:180–186
  • Arichi T, Gordon-Williams R, Allievi A, Groves AM, Burdet E, Edwards AD. Computer-controlled stimulation for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of the neonatal olfactory system. Acta Paediatrica 2013;102:868–875
  • Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R. Olfactory function in the human fetus: Evidence from selective neonatal responsiveness to the odor of amniotic fluid. Behavioral Neuroscience 1998;112:1438–1449
  • Marlier L, Schaal B, Soussignan R. Bottle-fed neonates prefer an odor experienced in utero to an odor experienced postnatally in the feeding context. Developmental Psychobiology 1998;33:133–145
  • Marlier L, Schaal B, Soussignan R. Neonatal responsiveness to the odor of amniotic and lacteal fluids: A test of perinatal chemosensory continuity. Child Development 1998;69:611–623
  • Marlier L, Schaal B, Soussignan R. Orientation responses to biological odours in the human newborn. Initial pattern and postnatal plasticity. Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences – Serie Iii, Sciences de la Vie. 1997;320:999–1005
  • Mennella JA. Mother's milk: A medium for early flavor experiences. Journal of Human Lactation 1995;11:39–45
  • Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chemical Senses 1995;20:207–209
  • Stafford M, Horning MG, Zlatkis A. Profiles of volatile metabolities in body fluids. Journal of Chromatography A 1976;126:495–502
  • Marlier L, Schaal B. Human newborns prefer human milk: Conspecific milk odor is attractive without postnatal exposure. Child Development 2005;76:155–168
  • Aoyama S, Toshima T, Saito Y, Konishi N, Motoshige K, Ishikawa N, Nakamura K, Kobayashi M. Maternal breast milk odour induces frontal lobe activation in neonates: A NIRS study. Early Human Development 2010;86:541–545
  • Cernoch JM, Porter RH. Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants. Child Development 1985;56:1593–1598
  • Faas AE, Sponton ED, Moya PR, Molina JC. Differential responsiveness to alcohol odor in human neonates: Effects of maternal consumption during gestation. Alcohol 2000;22:7–17
  • Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R. Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet. Chemical Senses 2000;25:729–737
  • Desage M, Schaal B, Soubeyrand J, Orgeur P, Brazier JL. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method to characterise the transfer of dietary odorous compounds into plasma and milk. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Applications 1996;678:205–210
  • Lecanuet JP, Krasnegor NA, Fifer WP, Smotherman WP. Fetal development. A Psychobiological prospective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1995
  • Romantshik O, Porter RH, Tillmann V, Varendi H. Preliminary evidence of a sensitive period for olfactory learning by human newborns. Acta Paediatrica 2007;96:372–376
  • Balogh R, Porter RH. Olfactory preferences resulting from mere exposure in human neonates. Infant Behavior and Development 1986;9:395–401
  • Rieser J, Yonas A, Wikner K. Radial localization of odors by human newborns. Child Development 1976;47:856–859
  • Faas AE, Resino CF, Moya PR. Neonatal responsiveness to the odor of amniotic fluid. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría 2013;111:105–109
  • Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J. Does the newborn baby find the nipple by smell? Lancet 1994;344:989–390
  • Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J. Natural odor preferences of newborn infants change over time. Acta Paediatrica 1997;86:985–990
  • Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Christensson K, Matthiesen AS, Winberg J, Uvnas-Moberg K. Gastric suction in healthy newborn infants. Effects on circulation and developing feeding behaviour. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1987;76:566–572
  • Varendi H, Porter RH. Breast odor as the only maternal stimulus elicits crawling towards the odor source. Acta Paediatrica 2001;90:372–375
  • Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Infants' exploration of scented toys: Effects of prior experiences. Chemical Senses 1998;23:11–17
  • Sullivan RM, Zyzak DR, Skierkowski P, Wilson DA. The role of olfactory bulb norepinephrine in early olfactory learning. Brain Research Developmental Brain Research 1992;70:279–282
  • Elliot GB, Elliot KA. Some pathological, radiological and clinical implications of the precocious development of the human ear. Laryngoscope 1964;74:1160–1171
  • Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science 1983;222:516–518
  • Clarkson MG, Morrongiello BA, Clifton RK. Stimulus-presentation probability influences newborns' head orientation to sound. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1982;55:1239–1246
  • Field J, Muir D, Pilon R, Sinclair M, Dodwell P. Infants' orientation to lateral sounds from birth to three months. Child Development 1980;51:295–298
  • Muir D, Field J. Newborn infants orient to sounds. Child Development 1979;50:431–436
  • Weiss MJ, Zelazo PR, Swain IU. Newborn response to auditory stimulus discrepancy. Child Development 1988;59:1530–1541
  • Zelazo PR, Brody LR, Chaika H. Neonatal habituation and dishabituation of head turning to rattle sounds. Infant Behavior and Development 1984;7:311–321
  • DeCasper AJ, Fifer WP. Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science 1980;208:1174–1176
  • Morrongiello BA, Fenwick KD, Hillier L, Chance G. Sound localization in newborn human infants. Developmental Psychobiology 1994;27:519–538
  • Clarkson MG, Clifton RK, Morrongiello BA. The effects of sound duration on newborns' head orientation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1985;39:20–36
  • Morrongiello BA, Clifton RK. Effects of sound frequency on behavioral and cardiac orienting in newborn and five-month-old infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1984;38:429–446
  • Clifton RK, Morrongiello BA, Dowd JM. A developmental look at an auditory illusion: The precedence effect. Developmental Psychobiology 1984;17:519–536
  • Lichtig I, Wells PA. Behavioural assessment of neonatal responses to auditory stimuli. British Journal of Audiology 1980;14:61–68
  • Rosenberg RA, Butler RA. Sound as a reinforcer for infants' manipulations of toys. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1982;47:292–295
  • Perris EE, Clifton RK. Reaching in the dark toward sound as a measure of auditory localization in infants. Infant Behavior and Development 1988;11:473–491
  • Wishart JG, Bower TG, Dunkeld J. Reaching in the dark. Perception 1978;7:507–512
  • Stack DM, Muir DW, Sherriff F, Roman J. Development of infant reaching in the dark to luminous objects and ‘invisible sounds'. Perception 1989;18:69–82
  • Clifton RK, Muir DW, Ashmead DH, Clarkson MG. Is visually guided reaching in early infancy a myth? Child Development 1993;64:1099–1110
  • Yuodelis C, Hendrickson A. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the human fovea during development. Vision Research 1986;26:847–855
  • Vajzovic L, Hendrickson AE, O'Connell RV, Clark LA, Tran-Viet D, Possin D, Chiu SJ, Farsiu S, Toth CA. Maturation of the human fovea: Correlation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings with histology. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;154:779–789.e2
  • Courage ML, Adams RJ. Infant peripheral vision: The development of monocular visual acuity in the first 3 months of postnatal life. Vision Research 1996;36:1207–1215
  • Dobson V, Teller DY. Visual acuity in human infants: A review and comparison of behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Vision Research 1978;18:1469–1483
  • White BL, Castle P, Held R. Observations on the development of visually-directed reaching. Child Development 1964;35:349–364
  • Lewis TL, Maurer D, Kay D. Newborns' central vision: Whole or hole? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1978;26:193–203
  • Guzzetta A, Cioni G, Cowan F, Mercuri E. Visual disorders in children with brain lesions: 1. Maturation of visual function in infants with neonatal brain lesions: Correlation with neuroimaging. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2001;5:107–114
  • Harris P, MacFarlane A. The growth of the effective visual field from birth to seven weeks. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1974;18:340–348
  • Cohen LB. Attention-getting and attention-holding processes of infant visual preferences. Child Development 1972;43:869–879
  • Richards JE, Hunter SK. Peripheral stimulus localization by infants with eye and head movements during visual attention. Vision Research 1997;37:3021–3035
  • Craighero L, Leo I, Umilta C, Simion F. Newborns' preference for goal-directed actions. Cognition 2011;120:26–32
  • McDonnell PM. Patterns of eye-hand coordination in the first year of life. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1979;33:253–267
  • van der Meer AL, van der Weel FR, Lee DN. The functional significance of arm movements in neonates. Science 1995;267:693–695
  • van der Meer AL, van der Weel FR, Lee DN. Lifting weights in neonates: Developing visual control of reaching. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 1996;37:424–436
  • van der Meer AL. Keeping the arm in the limelight: Advanced visual control of arm movements in neonates. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 1997;1:103–108
  • Zoia S, Blason L, D'Ottavio G, Bulgheroni M, Pezzetta E, Scabar A, Castiello U. Evidence of early development of action planning in the human foetus: A kinematic study. Experimental Brain Research 2007;176:217–226
  • Bhat AN, Galloway JC. Toy-oriented changes during early arm movements: Hand kinematics. Infant Behavior and Development 2006;29:358–372
  • Robertson SS, Johnson SL, Masnick AM, Weiss SL. Robust coupling of body movement and gaze in young infants. Developmental Psychobiology 2007;49:208–215
  • Brazelton TB, Tronick E, Adamson L, Als H, Wise S. Early mother-infant reciprocity. Ciba Foundation Symposium 1975;33:137–154
  • Dusing SC, Thacker LR, Stergiou N, Galloway JC. Early complexity supports development of motor behaviors in the first months of life. Developmental Psychobiology 2013;55:404–414
  • Coryell J, Henderson A. Role of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in hand visualization in normal infants. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1979;33:255–260
  • van Kranen-Mastenbroek VH, Folmer KB, Caberg HB, Kingma H, Blanco CE, Troost J, Hasaart TH, Vles JS. The influence of head position and head position change on spontaneous body posture and motility in full-term AGA and SGA newborn infants. Brain and Development 1997;19:104–110
  • Clopton NA, Duvall T, Ellis B, Musser M, Varghese S. Investigation of trunk and extremity movement associated with passive head turning in newborns. Physical Therapy 2000;80:152–159
  • Coryell J, Henderson A, Liederman J. Factors influencing the asymmetrical tonic neck reflux in normal infants. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 1982;2:51–65
  • McDonnell PM. The development of visually guided reaching. Perception & Psychophysics 1975;18:181–185
  • Lasky R. The effect of visual feedback of the hand on the reaching and retrieval behavior of young infants. Child Development 1977;48:112–117
  • Lee MH, Newell KM. Visual feedback of hand trajectory and the development of infant prehension. Infant Behaviour and Development 2012;35:273–279
  • Berthier NE, Carrico RL. Visual information and object size in infant reaching. Infant Behaviour and Development 2010;33:555–566
  • Babinsky E, Braddick O, Atkinson J. Infants and adults reaching in the dark. Experimental Brain Research 2012;217:237–249
  • Ashmead DH, McCarty ME, Lucas LS, Belvedere MC. Visual guidance in infants' reaching toward suddenly displaced targets. Child Development 1993;64:1111–1127
  • Rader N, Stern JD. Visually elicited reaching in neonates. Child Development 1982;53:1004–1007
  • Libertus K, Gibson J, Hidayatallah NZ, Hirtle J, Adcock RA, Needham A. Size matters: How age and reaching experiences shape infants' preferences for different sized objects. Infant Behaviour and Development 2013;36:189–198
  • Rocha NA, de Campos AC, Silva FP, Tudella E. Adaptive actions of young infants in the task of reaching for objects. Developmental Psychobiology 2013;55:275–282
  • Buuner JS, Koslowski B. Visually preadapted constituents of manipulating action. Perception 1972;1:3–14
  • McGuire I, Turkewitz G. Visually elicited finger movements in infants. Child Development 1978;49:362–370
  • Clifton RK, Perris EE, Bullinger A. infants' perception of auditory space. Developmental Psychology 1991;27:187–197
  • Thelen E. Motor development. A new synthesis. American Psychologist 1995;50:79–95
  • Bayley N. Bayley scales of infant and toddler development. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment; 2006
  • Folio MR, Fewell RR. Peabody developmental motor scales: Examiner's manual: Pro-ed. San Antonio, TX: PsychCorp; 2000
  • Scherzer AL, Tscharnuter I. Early diagnosis and therapy in cerebral palsy: A premier on infant developmental problems. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1990
  • Leiper CI, Miller A, Lang J, Herman R. Sensory feedback for head control in cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy 1981;61:512–518
  • Lee HM, Galloway JC. Early intensive postural and movement training advances head control in very young infants. Physical Therapy 2012;92:935–947
  • Heathcock JC, Lobo M, Galloway JC. Movement training advances the emergence of reaching in infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age: A randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2008;88:310–322
  • Lobo MA, Galloway JC. The onset of reaching significantly impacts how infants explore both objects and their bodies. Infant Behaviour and Development 2013;36:14–24
  • Als H, Duffy F, McAnulty G, Rivkin M, Vajapeyam S, Mulkern R, Warfield SK, Huppi PS, Butler SC, Conneman N, et al. Early experience alters brain function and structure. Pediatrics 2004;113:846–857
  • Schwartz S. Effect of neonatal cortical lesions and early environmental factors on adult rat behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1964;57:72–77
  • Saucier DM, Yager JY, Armstrong EA, Keller A, Shultz S. Enriched environment and the effect of age on ischemic brain damage. Brain Research 2007;1170:31–38
  • Kondo M, Gray LJ, Pelka GJ, Christodoulou J, Tam PPL, Hannan AJ. Environmental enrichment ameliorates a motor coordination deficit in a mouse model of Rett syndrome – Mecp2 gene dosage effects and BDNF expression. European Journal of Neuroscience 2008;27:3342–3350
  • Van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. Neural Consequences of environmental enrichment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2000;1:191–198
  • Ohlsson AL, Johansson BB, Jones SC. Environment influences functional outcome of cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke 1995;26:644–649
  • Dahlqvist P, Zhao L, Johansson IM, Mattsson B, Johansson BB, Seckl JR, Olsson T. Environmental enrichment alters nerve growth factor-induced gene A and glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA expression after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neuroscience 1999;93:527–535
  • Kolb B, Gibb R. Environmental enrichment and cortical injury: Behavioral and anatomical consequences of frontal cortex lesions. Cerebral Cortex 1991;1:189–198
  • Komitova M, Mattsson B, Johansson BB, Eriksson PS. Enriched environment increases neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of stroke-lesioned adult rats. Stroke 2005;36:1278–1282
  • Biernaskie J, Chernenko G, Corbett D. Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2004;24:1245–1254
  • Kolb B, Cote S, Ribeiro-Da-Silva A, Cuello AC. Nerve growth factor treatment prevents dendritic atrophy and promotes recovery of function after cortical injury. Neuroscience 1997;76:1139–1151
  • Ickes BR, Pham TM, Sanders LA, Albeck DS, Mohammed AH, Granholm AC. Long-term environmental enrichment leads to regional increases in neurotrophin levels in rat brain. Experimental Neurology 2000;164:45–52
  • Gobbo OL, O'Mara SM. Impact of enriched-environment housing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and on cognitive performance after a transient global ischemia. Behavioural Brain Research 2004;152:231–241
  • Monfils MH, Teskey GC. Skilled-learning-induced potentiation in rat sensorimotor cortex: A transient form of behavioral long-term potentiation. Neuroscience 2004;125:329–336
  • Kleim JA, Barbay S, Nudo RJ. Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. Journal of Neurophysiology 1998;80:3321–3325
  • Olson AK, Eadie BD, Ernst C, Christie BR. Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways. Hippocampus 2006;16:250–260
  • de Graaf-Peters VB, Hadders-Algra M. Ontogeny of the human central nervous system: What is happening when? Early Human Development 2006;82:257–266
  • Rutherford M. MRI of the neonatal brain. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2001
  • Volpe JJ. Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. The Lancet Neurology 2009;8:110–124
  • Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S, Hertz-Pannier L. Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants. Science 2002;298:2013–2015
  • Rosenbaum JL, Almli CR, Yundt KD, Altman DI, Powers WJ. Higher neonatal cerebral blood flow correlates with worse childhood neurologic outcome. Neurology 1997;49:1035–1041
  • Rennie JM, Coughtrey H, Morley R, Evans DH. Comparison of cerebral blood flow velocity estimation with cranial ultrasound imaging for early prediction of outcome in preterm infants. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 1995;23:27–31
  • Scherjon SA, Smolders-DeHaas H, Oosting H, Kok JH, Zondervan HA. Neonatal cerebral circulation in relation to neurosonography and neurological outcome: A pulsed Doppler study. Neuropediatrics 1994;25:208–213
  • Arditi H, Feldman R, Hammerman C, Eidelman AI. Cerebral blood flow velocity asymmetry, neurobehavioral maturation, and the cognitive development of premature infants across the first two years. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics JDBP. 2007;28:362–368
  • Kusaka T, Isobe K, Miki T, Ueno M, Koyano K, Nakamura S, Nakamura M, Konishi Y, Kuboi T, Kato I, et al. Functional lateralization of sensorimotor cortex in infants measured using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. Pediatric Research 2011;69:430–435
  • Erberich SG, Panigrahy A, Friedlich P, Seri I, Nelson MD, Gilles F. Somatosensory lateralization in the newborn brain. NeuroImage 2006;29:155–161
  • Kelso J. Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995
  • Johnston MV. Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for rehabilitation. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 2009;15:94–101
  • Dobkin BH. Functional rewiring of brain and spinal cord after injury: The three Rs of neural repair and neurological rehabilitation. Current Opinion in Neurology 2000;13:655–659
  • Hallett M. Neuroplasticity and rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2005;42:xvii–xxii
  • Gibson EJ. Exploratory behavior in the development of perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology 1988;39:1–42

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.