Hydrolyzed Casein Decreases Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in T2DM Patients Irrespective of Leucine Content

REFERENCES

• Ahmed M, Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Lamusga RF. Plasma glucagon and alpha-amino acid nitrogen response to various diets in normal humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(9):1917–1924.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT. Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):148–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avignon A, Radauceanu A, Monnier L. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997;20(12):1822–1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calbet JA, Holst JJ. Gastric emptying, gastric secretion and enterogastrone response after administration of milk proteins or their peptide hydrolysates in humans. Eur J Nutr. 2004;43(3):127–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calbet JA, MacLean DA. Plasma glucagon and insulin responses depend on the rate of appearance of amino acids after ingestion of different protein solutions in humans. J Nutr. 2002;132(8):2174–2182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll MF, Gutierrez A, Castro M, Tsewang D, Schade DS. Targeting postprandial hyperglycemia: a comparative study of insulinotropic agents in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5248–5254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Claessens M, Calame W, Siemensma AD, van Baak MA, Saris WH. The effect of different protein hydrolysate/carbohydrate mixtures on postprandial glucagon and insulin responses in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(1):48–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochrane WA, Payne WW, Simpkiss MJ, Woolf LI. Familial hypoglycemia precipitated by amino acids. J Clin Invest. 1956;35(4):411–422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day JL, Johansen K, Ganda OP, Soeldner JS, Gleason RE, Midgley W. Factors governing insulin and glucagon responses during normal meals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1978;9(5):443–454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frid AH, Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM. Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Neil BJ, Westphal SA. The insulin and glucose responses to meals of glucose plus various proteins in type II diabetic subjects. Metabolism. 1988;37(11):1081–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H. An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(4):734–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(3):250–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabadi UM. Dose-kinetics of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell responses to a protein meal in normal subjects. Metabolism. 1991;40(3):236–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kloek J, Pasupuleti VK, van Loon LJC. Proteins, protein hydrolysates, and bioactive peptides in the management of type 2 diabetes. In: Pasupuleti VK, Anderson JW (Eds.), Nutraceuticals, glycemic health and type 2 diabetes, pp. 503–528. Iowa: IFT Press Series, Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manders RJ, Koopman R, Sluijsmans WE, van den BR, Verbeek K, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ, van Loon LJ. Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate with or without additional leucine effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose excursions in type 2 diabetic men. J Nutr. 2006a;136(5):1294–1299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manders RJ, Praet SF, Meex RC, Koopman R, de Roos AL, Wagenmakers AJ, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Protein hydrolysate/leucine co-ingestion reduces the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2006b;29(12):2721–2722.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manders RJ, Praet SF, Vikstrom MH, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Protein hydrolysate co-ingestion does not modulate 24 h glycemic control in long-standing type 2 diabetes patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(1):121–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manders RJ, Wagenmakers AJ, Koopman R, Zorenc AH, Menheere PP, Schaper NC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate and amino acid mixture with carbohydrate improves plasma glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1):76–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews DR, Boland O. The stimulation of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients by amino acids and gliclazide in the basal and hyperglycemic state. Metabolism. 1997;46 (12, Suppl 1):5–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newsholme P, Brennan L, Rubi B, Maechler P. New insights into amino acid metabolism, beta-cell function and diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond). 2005;108(3):185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttall FQ, Mooradian AD, Gannon MC, Billington C, Krezowski P. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load. Diabetes Care 1984;7(5):465–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallotta JA, Kennedy PJ. Response of plasma insulin and growth hormone to carbohydrate and protein feeding. Metabolism. 1968;17(10):901–908.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipeleers DG, Schuit FC, Van Schravendijk CF, Van de WM. Interplay of nutrients and hormones in the regulation of glucagon release. Endocrinology. 1985;117(3):817–823.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proks P, Reimann F, Green N, Gribble F, Ashcroft F. Sulfonylurea stimulation of insulin secretion. Diabetes. 2002;51 (Suppl, 3):S368–S376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz D, Merimee TJ, Maffezzoli R, Burgess JA. Patterns of hormonal release after glucose, protein, and glucose plus protein. Lancet. 1966;2(7461):454–456.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roumen C, Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, Mensink M, Saris WH, Blaak EE. Impact of 3-year lifestyle intervention on postprandial glucose metabolism: the SLIM study. Diabet Med. 2008;25(5):597–605.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sener A, Malaisse WJ. L-leucine and a nonmetabolized analogue activate pancreatic islet glutamate dehydrogenase. Nature. 1980;288(5787):187–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Loon LJ, Kruijshoop M, Menheere PP, Wagenmakers AJ, Saris WH, Keizer HA. Amino acid ingestion strongly enhances insulin secretion in patients with long-term type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26(3):625–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Loon LJ, Kruijshoop M, Verhagen H, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ. Ingestion of protein hydrolysate and amino acid-carbohydrate mixtures increases postexercise plasma insulin responses in men. J Nutr. 2000a;130(10):2508–2513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Loon LJ, Saris WH, Verhagen H, Wagenmakers AJ. Plasma insulin responses after ingestion of different amino acid or protein mixtures with carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000b;72(1):96–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Loon LJC. Amino acids as pharmaco-nutrients for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Immun Endoc Metab Agents Med Chem. 2006;6:39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Wakeling IN, MacFie HJH. Designing consumer trials balanced for first and higher orders of carry-over effect when only a subset of k samples from t may be tested. Food Qual Prefer. 1995;6:299–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar