Increased iron level in motor cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: An in vivo MR study

References

• Redler RL, Dokholyan NV. The complex molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2012;107:215–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JP, Hardy J, Fischbeck KH. Toxic proteins in neurodegenerative disease. Science. 2002;296:1991–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadzhieva M, Kirches E, Wilisch-Neumann A, Pachow D, Wallesch M, Schoenfeld P, et al. Dysregulation of iron protein expression in the G93A model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience. 2013;230:94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshiro S, Morioka MS, Kikuchi M. Dysregulation of iron metabolism in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2011; 2011:378278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwan JY, Jeong SY, van Gelderen P, Deng HX, Quezado MM, Danielian LE, et al. Iron accumulation in deep cortical layers accounts for MRI signal abnormalities in ALS: correlating 7 Tesla MRI and pathology. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contestabile A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from research to therapeutic attempts and therapeutic perspectives. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18:5655–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jomova K, Vondrakova D, Lawson M, Valko M. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010;345:91–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri S, Körner S, Kiaei M. Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway: Key Mediator in Oxidative Stress and Potential Therapeutic Target in ALS. Neurol Res Int. 2012;2012:878030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelman N, Gorell JM, Barker PB, Savage RM, Spickler EM, Windham JP, et al. MR imaging of human brain at 3.0 T: preliminary report on transverse relaxation rates and relation to estimated iron content. Radiology. 1999;210:759–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordidge RJ, Gorell JM, Deniau JC, Knight RA, Helpern JA. Assessment of relative brain iron concentrations using T2-weighted and T2*-weighted MRI at 3 Tesla. Magn Reson Med. 1994;32:335–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenck JF, Zimmerman EA. High-field magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron: birth of a biomarker?NMR Biomed. 2004;17:433–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haacke EM, Ayaz M, Khan A, Manova ES, Krishnamurthy B, Gollapalli L, et al. Establishing a baseline phase behaviour in magnetic resonance imaging to determine normal vs. abnormal iron content in the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26:256–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haacke EM, Makki M, Ge Y, Maheshwari M, Sehgal V, Hu J, et al. Characterizing iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions using susceptibility weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;29:537–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks BR. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1994;124 (Suppl):96–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haacke EM, Miao Y, Liu M, Habib CA, Katkuri Y, Liu T, et al. Correlation of putative iron content as represented by changes in R2* and phase with age in deep grey matter of healthy adults. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:561–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kollewe K, Mauss U, Krampfl K, Petri S, Dengler R, Mohammadi B. ALSFRS-R score and its ratio: a useful predictor for ALS progression. J Neurol Sci. 2008;275:69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen MK, Roberds SL, Ellerbrock BR, Fleck TJ, McKinley DK, Gurney ME. Disease mechanisms revealed by transcription profiling in SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse spinal cord. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:730–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell RM, Simmons Z, Beard JL, Stephens HE, Connor JR. Plasma biomarkers associated with ALS and their relationship to iron homeostasis. Muscle Nerve. 2010; 42:95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarskis EJ, Tandon L, Lovell MA, Ehmann WD. Aluminum, calcium, and iron in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using laser microprobe mass spectroscopy: a preliminary study. J Neurol Sci. 1995;130:203–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuno Y, Amari M, Takatama M, Aizawa H, Mihara B, Okamoto K. Transferrin localizes in Bunina bodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol. 2006; 112:597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langkammer C, Enzinger C, Quasthoff S, Grafenauer P, Soellinger M, Fazekas F, et al. Mapping of iron deposition in conjunction with assessment of nerve fibre tract integrity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31:1339–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Cai P, Luo C, Qian Z, et al. Characterizing iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease using susceptibility-weighted imaging: an in vivo MR study. Brain Res. 2010;1330:124–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oba H, Araki T, Ohtomo K, Monzawa S, Uchiyama G, Koizumi K, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: T2 shortening in motor cortex at MR imaging. Radiology. 1993; 189:843–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallgren B, Sourander P. The effect of age on non-haemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem. 1958;3:41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh AJ, Wilman AH. Susceptibility phase imaging with comparison to R2 mapping of iron-rich deep grey matter. Neuroimage. 2011;57:452–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hecht MJ, Fellner C, Schmid A, Neundörfer B, Fellner FA. Cortical T2 signal shortening in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is not due to iron deposits. Neuroradiology. 2005;47:805–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen BC, Pattany PM, Bradley WG, Murdoch JB, Rotta F, Younis AA, et al. MR imaging and localized proton spectroscopy of the precentral gyrus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:647–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haacke EM, Xu Y, Cheng YC, Reichenbach JR. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). Magn Reson Med. 2004; 52:612–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Wang Q, Zhang M. Age, gender, and hemispheric differences in iron deposition in the human brain: an in vivo MRI study. Neuroimage. 2008;40:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar