Mind the gap: The mismatch between clinical and imaging metrics in ALS

References

• Turner MR, Agosta F, Bede P, Govind V, Lule D, Verstraete E. Neuroimaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biomark Med. 2012;6:319–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerster BR, Callaghan BC, Petrou M, Edden RA, Chenevert TL, Feldman EL. Decreased motor cortex gamma-aminobutyric acid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2012;78:1596–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walhout R, Westeneng HJ, Verstraete E, Hendrikse J, Veldink JH, van den Heuvel MP, et al. Cortical thickness in ALS: towards a marker for upper motor neuron involvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:288–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E, Fuller C, Hilt D, Thurmond B, et al. The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III). J Neurol Sci. 1999;169:13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirillo M, Esposito F, Tedeschi G, Caiazzo G, Sagnelli A, Piccirillo G, et al. Widespread microstructural white matter involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a whole brain DTI study. AJNR. 2012;33:1102–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thivard L, Pradat PF, Lehericy S, Lacomblez L, Dormont D, Chiras J, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging and voxel based morphometry study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: relationships with motor disability. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:889–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Schuff N, Woolley SC, Chiang GC, Boreta L, Laxamana J, et al. Progression of white matter degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2011;12:421–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta F, Pagani E, Petrolini M, Caputo D, Perini M, Prelle A, et al. Assessment of white matter tract damage in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a diffusion tensor MR imaging tractography study. AJNR. 2010;31:1457–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosottini M, Giannelli M, Siciliano G, Lazzarotti G, Michelassi MC, del Corona A, et al. Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of corticospinal tract in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive muscular atrophy. Radiology. 2005;237: 258–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippini N, Douaud G, Mackay CE, Knight S, Talbot K, Turner MR. Corpus callosum involvement is a consistent feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2010;75:1645–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil C, Prell T, Peschel T, Hartung V, Dengler R, Grosskreutz J. Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata NK, Aoki S, Okabe S, Arai N, Terao Y, Kwak S, et al. Evaluation of corticospinal tracts in ALS with diffusion tensor MRI and brainstem stimulation. Neurology. 2008;70: 528–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraete E, van den Heuvel MP, Veldink JH, Blanken N, Mandl RC, Hulshoff Pol HE, et al. Motor network degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a structural and functional connectivity study. PLoS One. 2010;5:e13664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canu E, Agosta F, Riva N, Sala S, Prelle A, Caputo D, et al. The topography of brain microstructural damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis assessed using diffusion tensor MR imaging. AJNR. 2011;32:1307–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senda J, Kato S, Kaga T, Ito M, Atsuta N, Nakamura T, et al. Progressive and widespread brain damage in ALS: MRI voxel based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2011;12:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan JY, Meoded A, Danielian LE, Wu T, Floeter MK. Structural imaging differences and longitudinal changes in primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin. 2012;2:151–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta F, Valsasina P, Riva N, Copetti M, Messina MJ, Prelle A, et al. The cortical signature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzapesa DM, D’Errico E, Tortelli R, Distaso E, Cortese R, Tursi M, et al. Cortical thinning and clinical heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e80748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraete E, Veldink JH, Hendrikse J, Schelhaas HJ, van den Heuvel MP, van den Berg LH. Structural MRI reveals cortical thinning in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:383–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster C, Kasper E, Machts J, Bittner D, Kaufmann J, Benecke R, et al. Focal thinning of the motor cortex mirrors clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their phenotypes: a neuroimaging study. J Neurol. 2013;260:2856–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Mao C, Jin J, Niu C, Bai L, Dang J, et al. Side of limb onset predicts laterality of grey matter loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:473250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt R, Verstraete E, de Reus MA, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, van den Heuvel MP. Correlation between structural and functional connectivity impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:4386–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosskreutz J, Kaufmann J, Fradrich J, Dengler R, Heinze HJ, Peschel T. Widespread sensorimotor and frontal cortical atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2006;6:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soraru G, Ermani M, Logroscino G, Palmieri A, D’Ascenzo C, Orsetti V, et al. Natural history of upper motor neuron-dominant ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2010;11:424–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bede P, Hardiman O. Lessons of ALS imaging: pitfalls and future directions. A critical review. Neuroimage Clin. 2014;4:436–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menke RA, Korner S, Filippini N, Douaud G, Knight S, Talbot K, et al. Widespread grey matter pathology dominates the longitudinal cerebral MRI and clinical landscape of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain. 2014;137:2546–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahams S, Newton J, Niven E, Foley J, Bak TH. Screening for cognition and behaviour changes in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2014;15:9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta F, Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Sala S, Caputo D, Perini M, et al. A longitudinal diffusion tensor MRI study of the cervical cord and brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80:53–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerster BR, Dwamena BA, Petrou M, Carlos RC, Callaghan BC, Churchill CL, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion tensor imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2013;20:1099–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner MR, Kiernan MC. Does interneuronal dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2012;13:245–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villemagne VL, Pike KE, Chetelat G, Ellis KA, Mulligan RS, Bourgeat P, et al. Longitudinal assessment of Abeta and cognition in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:181–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike KE, Savage G, Villemagne VL, Ng S, Moss SA, Maruff P, et al. Beta-amyloid imaging and memory in non-demented individuals: evidence for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2007;130:2837–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippi M, Rocca MA. MR imaging of multiple sclerosis. Radiology. 2011;259:659–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda DT, Mowry EM, Beheshtian A, Waubant E, Baranzini SE, Goodin DS, et al. Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology. 2009;72:800–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prudlo J, Bissbort C, Glass A, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Benecke R, et al. White matter pathology in ALS and lower motor neuron ALS variants: a diffusion tensor imaging study using tract-based spatial statistics. J Neurol. 2012;259: 1848–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng MC, Ho JT, Ho SL, Lee R, Li G, Cheng TS, et al. Abnormal diffusion tensor in non-symptomatic familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a causative superoxide dismutase-1 mutation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27:8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew JD, Nair G, Andersen PM, Wuu J, Gronka S, Hu X, et al. Presymptomatic spinal cord neurometabolic findings in SOD1-positive people at risk for familial ALS. Neurology. 2011;77:1370–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bede P, Elamin M, Byrne S, McLaughlin RL, Kenna K, Vajda A, et al. Patterns of cerebral and cerebellar white matter degeneration in ALS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014 Jul 21 (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bede P, Elamin M, Byrne S, McLaughlin RL, Kenna K, Vajda A, et al. Basal ganglia involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2013;81:2107–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prell T, Grosskreutz J. The involvement of the cerebellum in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2013;14:507–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brettschneider J, del Tredici K, Toledo JB, Robinson JL, Irwin DJ, Grossman M, et al. Stages of pTDP-43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013;74:20–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippini N, MacIntosh BJ, Hough MG, Goodwin GM, Frisoni GB, Smith SM, et al. Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:7209–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Cashman NR, Genge A, Arnold DL. Recovery of N-acetylaspartate in corticomotor neurons of patients with ALS after riluzole therapy. Neuroreport. 1998;9: 1757–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster C, Elamin M, Hardiman O, Bede P. Presymptomatic and longitudinal neuroimaging in neurodegeneration – from snapshots to motion picture: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; Jan 28 (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Mendili MM, Cohen-Adad J, Pelegrini-Issac M, Rossignol S, Morizot-Koutlidis R, Marchand-Pauvert V, et al. Multi-parametric spinal cord MRI as potential progression marker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2014;9:e95516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douaud G, Filippini N, Knight S, Talbot K, Turner MR. Integration of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain. 2011;134:3470–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar