References
- Willott GM. Frequency of azoospermia. Forensic Sci Int 1982;20:9–10.
- Jarow JP, Espeland MA, Lipshultz LI. Evaluation of the azoospermic patient. J Urol 1989;142:62–5.
- Czaplicki M, Bablok L, Janczewski Z. Varicocelectomy in patients with azoospermia. Arch Androl 1979;3:51–5.
- Kadioglu A, Tefekli A, Cayan S, Kandirali E, Erdemir F, Tellaloglu S. Microsurgical inguinal varicocele repair in azoospermic men. Urology 2001;57:328–33.
- Schlegel PN, Kaufmann J. Role of varicocelectomy in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1585–8.
- Pasqualotto FF, Sobreiro BP, Hallak J, Pasqualotto EB, Lucon AM. Induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermic men after varicocelectomy repair: an update. Fertil Steril 2006;85:635–9.
- Poulakis V, Ferakis N, de Vries R, Witzsch U, Becht E. Induction of spermatogenesis in men with azoospermia or severe oligoteratoasthenospermia after antegrade internal spermatic vein sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicocele. Asian J Androl 2006;8:613–19.
- Kim ED, Leibman BB, Grinblat DM, Lipshultz LI. Varicocele repair improves semen parameters in azoospermic men with spermatogenic failure. J Urol 1999;162:737–40.
- Youssef T, Abd-Elaal E, Gaballah G, Elhanbly S, Eldosoky E. Varicocelectomy in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: is it beneficial? Int J Surg 2009;7:356–60.
- Cocuzza M, Pagani R, Lopes RI, Athayde KS, Lucon AM, Srougi M, et al. Use of subinguinal incision for microsurgical testicular biopsy during varicocelectomy in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2009;91:925–8.
- Abdel-Meguid TA. Predictors of sperm recovery and azoospermia relapse in men with nonobstructive azoospermia after varicocele repair. J Urol 2012;187:222–6.
- Cakan M, Altuğ U. Induction of spermatogenesis by inguinal varicocele repair in azoospermic men. Arch Androl 2004;50:145–50.
- Esteves SC, Glina S. Recovery of spermatogenesis after microsurgical subinguinal varicocele repair in azoospermic men based on testicular histology. Int Braz J Urol 2005;31:541–8.
- Lee JS, Park HJ, Seo JT. What is the indication of varicocelectomy in men with non obstructive azoospermia? Urology 2007;69:352–5.
- Elzanaty S. Non-obstructive azoospermia and clinical varicocele: therapeutic options. Int Urol Nephrol 2013;45:669–74.
- Weedin JW, Khera M, Lipshultz LI. Varicocele repair in patients with non obstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis. J Urol 2010;183:2309–15.
- Friedler S, Raziel A, Strassburger D, Soffer Y, Komarovsky D, Ron-El R. Testicular sperm retrieval by percutaneous fine needle sperm aspiration compared with testicular sperm extraction by open biopsy in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1488–93.
- Ezeh UI, Moore HD, Cooke ID. Correlation of testicular sperm extraction with morphological, biophysical and endocrine profiles in men with azoospermia due to primary gonadal failure. Hum Reprod 1998;3:3066–74.
- Plas E, Riedl CR, Engelhardt PF, Mühlbauer H, Pflüger H. Unilateral or bilateral testicular biopsy in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Urol 1999;162:2010–13.
- Inci K, Hascicek M, Kara O, Dikmen AV, Gurgan T, Ergen A. Sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with nonobstructive azoospermia, and treated and untreated varicocele. J Urol 2009;182:1500–5.
- Van Assche E, Bonduelle M, Tournaye H, Joris H, Verheyen G, Devroey P, et al. Cytogenetics of infertile men. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1–24; discussion 25–6.
- Foresta C, Moro E, Ferlin A. Y chromosome microdeletions and alterations of spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev 2001;22:226–39.
- Cayan S, Lee D, Black LD, Reijo Pera RA, Turek PJ. Response to varicocelectomy in oligospermic men with and without defined genetic infertility. Urology 2001;57:530–5.