Chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Role of a thorough clinical assessment

References

• Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Subcommittee of the International Continence Society. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:116–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeler D, Baranowski AP, Elneil S, Hughes J, Messelink EJ, Oliveira P, et al. Guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Arnhem: European Association of Urology; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hahn L. [Chronic pelvic pain in women. A condition difficult to diagnose – more than 70 different diagnoses can be considered]. Lakartidningen 2001;98:1780–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard FM. Chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:594–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoletti R, Cai T, Mondaini N, Dinelli N, Pinzi N, Pavone C, et al. Prevalence, incidence estimation, risk factors and characterization of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in urological hospital outpatients in Italy: results of a multicenter case–control observational study. J Urol 2007;178:2411–15; discussion 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marszalek M, Wehrberger C, Temml C, Ponholzer A, Berger I, Madersbacher S. Chronic pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms in both sexes: analysis of 2749 participants of an urban health screening project. Eur Urol 2009;55:499–507.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen CD, Lundvall L, Kristensen E, Giraldi A. Vulvodynia. Definition, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008;87:893–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latthe P, Latthe M, Say L, Gulmezoglu M, Khan KS. WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health 2006;6:177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zondervan KT, Yudkin PL, Vessey MP, Dawes MG, Barlow DH, Kennedy SH. The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in the United Kingdom: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:93–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelbaya TA, El-Halwagy HE. Focus on primary care: chronic pelvic pain in women. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001;56:757–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fall M, Baranowski AP, Elneil S, Engeler D, Hughes J, Messelink EJ, et al. EAU Guidelines on chronic pelvic pain: European Association of Urology. Eur Urol 2010;57:35–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fall M, Baranowski AP, Fowler CJ, Lepinard V, Malone-Lee JG, Messelink EJ, et al. EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Eur Urol 2004;46:681–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P, Bouchelouche K, Cervigni M, Daha LK, et al. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC proposal. Eur Urol 2008;53:60–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Engeler DS, Baranowski AP, Dinis-Oliveira P, Elneil S, Hughes J, Messelink EJ, et al. The 2013 EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain: is management of chronic pelvic pain a habit, a philosophy, or a science? 10 years of development. Eur Urol 2013;64:431–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoskes DA, Nickel JC, Kattan MW. Phenotypically directed multimodal therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective study using UPOINT. Urology 2010;75:1249–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoskes DA, Nickel JC, Rackley RR, Pontari MA. Clinical phenotyping in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis: a management strategy for urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009;12:177–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoskes DA, Nickel JC, Dolinga R, Prots D. Clinical phenotyping of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and correlation with symptom severity. Urology 2009;73:538–42; discussion 42–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoskes DA, Nickel JC. Classification and treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome using the UPOINT system. World J Urol 2013;31:755–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giamberardino MA. Referred muscle pain/hyperalgesia and central sensitisation. J Rehabil Med 2003;(Suppl 41):85–8.
   Google Scholar
• Giamberardino MA, Affaitati B, Lerza R, Vecchiet L. Referred muscle pain and hyperalgesia from viscera: clinical and pathophysiological aspects. Basic Appl Myol 2004;14:23–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gebhart GF, Ness TJ. Central mechanisms of visceral pain. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991;69:627–34.
   Google Scholar
• Pezzone MA, Liang R, Fraser MO. A model of neural cross-talk and irritation in the pelvis: implications for the overlap of chronic pelvic pain disorders. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1953–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustinova EE, Fraser MO, Pezzone MA. Cross-talk and sensitization of bladder afferent nerves. Neurourol Urodyn 2010;29:77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaghebeur J, Wyndaele JJ. Comparison of questionnaires used for the evaluation of patients with chronic pelvic pain. Neurourol Urodyn 2013;32:1074–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordling J, Anjum FH, Bade JJ, Bouchelouche K, Bouchelouche P, Cervigni M, et al. Primary evaluation of patients suspected of having interstitial cystitis (IC). Eur Urol 2004;45:662–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöhrer M, Blok B, Castro-Diaz D, Chartier-Kastler E, Del Popolo G, Kramer G, et al. EAU guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Eur Urol 2009;56:81–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katims JJ. Electrodiagnostic functional sensory evaluation of the patient with pain: a review of the neuroselective current perception threshold and pain tolerance threshold. Pain Dig 1998;8:219–30.
   Google Scholar
• Wyndaele JJ. Investigating afferent nerve activity from the lower urinary tract: highlighting some basic research techniques and clinical evaluation methods. Neurourol Urodyn 2010;29:56–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mizisin AP, Weerasuriya A. Homeostatic regulation of the endoneurial microenvironment during development, aging and in response to trauma, disease and toxic insult. Acta Neuropathol 2011;121:291–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp KS, Boyd BS. Structure and biomechanics of peripheral nerves: nerve responses to physical stresses and implications for physical therapist practice. Phys Ther 2006;86:92–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp KS, Boyd BS. Peripheral nerve: from the microscopic functional unit of the axon to the biomechanically loaded macroscopic structure. J Hand Ther 2012;25:142–51; quiz 52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler DS. Mobilisation of the nervous system. 7th ed. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Butler DS. The sensitive nervous system. Adelaide: NoiGroup; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Shacklock M. Clinical neurodynamics. A new system of musculoskeletal treatment. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid A, Brunner F, Luomajoki H, Held U, Bachmann L, Kunzer S, et al. Reliability of clinical tests to evaluate nerve function and mechanosensitivity of the upper limb peripheral nervous system. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009;10:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee RJ, Butler D. Management of peripheral neuropathic pain: integrating neurobiology, neurodynamics, and clinical evidence. Phys Ther Sport 2006;7:36–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J, Lynn B. Minor peripheral nerve injuries: an underestimated source of pain? Man Ther 1998;3:187–94.
   Google Scholar
• Itza Santos F, Salinas J, Zarza D, Gomez Sancha F, Allona Almagro A. Update in pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome: an approach anatomic–surgical, diagnostic and therapeutic. Actas Urol Esp 2010;34:500–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mittal T, Kumar V, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M, et al. Diagnosis and management of Spigelian hernia: a review of literature and our experience. J Minim Access Surg 2008;4:95–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nazareno J, Ponich T, Gregor J. Long-term follow-up of trigger point injections for abdominal wall pain. Can J Gastroenterol 2005;19:561–5.
   Google Scholar
• Isherwood PJ, Rane A. Comparative assessment of pelvic floor strength using a perineometer and digital examination. Br J Obstet Gynecol 2000;107:1007–11.
   Google Scholar
• Frawley HC, Galea MP, Phillips BA, Sherburn M, Bø K. Reliability of pelvic floor muscle strength assessment using different test positions and tools. Neurourol Urodyn 2006;25:236–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G. Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:3072–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RU, Wise D, Sawyer T, Chan C. Integration of myofascial trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training treatment of chronic pelvic pain in men. J Urol 2005;174:155–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise D, Anderson R. A headache in the pelvis. A new understanding and treatment for prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndromes. 4th ed. Occidental, CA: National Center for Pelvic Pain Research; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Carter JE. A systematic history for the patient with chronic pelvic pain. JSLS 1999;3:245–52.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein O, Perkin D, Cookson J, De Bono D. Clinical examination. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003.
   Google Scholar