Extra-articular complications of rheumatoid arthritis: a review of recent literature

REFERENCES

• Erhardt CC, Mumford PA, Venables PR et al.: Factors predicting a poor life prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: an eight year prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 48: 7–13, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon PA: Extra-articular rheumatoid arthritis. In Arthritis and Allied Conditions (McCarty DI, Koopman WJ, Eds), 12, pp. 811–838. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Kaye BR, Kaye RL, Bobrove A: Rheumatoid nodules: review of the spectrum of associated conditions and proposal of a new classification with a report of four seronegative cases. Am J Med 76: 279–292, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffrey JW, Ali DA: Rheumatoid nodulosis: a relatively benign rheumatoid variant. Arch Intern Med 141: 615–619, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Veys EM, De-Keyser F: Rheumatoid nodules: differential diagnosis and immunohistological findings. Ann Rheum Dis 52: 625–626, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Athanasou A, Quinn J, Woods CG et al.: Immunohistology of rheumatoid nodules and rheumatoid synovium. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 398–403, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards JCW, Wilkinson LS, Pitsillides AA: Palisading cells of rheumatoid nodules: comparison with synovial intimai cells. Ann Rheum Dis 52: 801–805, 1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Combe B, Didry C, Gutierrez M et al.: Accelerated nodulosis and systemic manifestations during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Med 2: 153–156, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco L, Miller F, Greenwald RA: Detailed immunohistologic evaluation of a methotrexate-induced nodule. Arch Pathol Lab Med 118: 1223–1225, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Lebowitz WB: The heart in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 58: 102–123, 1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myllykangas Luosujarvi R, Aho K, Kautiainen H et ai: Shortening of life span and causes of excess mortality in a population-based series of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 13: 149–153, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT et al: The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 37: 481–494, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutru O, Laakso M, Isomaki H et al: Cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cardiology 76: 71–77, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe IF, Gibson DG, Keat ACS et al: Echocardiography diastolic abnormalities of the left ventricle in inflammatory joint disease. Ann Rheum Dis 50: 227–230, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustonen J, Laakso M, Hirvonen T et al: Abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function in male patients with rheumatoid arthritis without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 23: 246–253, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao S, Salii L, Arnone S et al: Echo-doppler left ventricular filling abnormalities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without clinical evident cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 26: 293–297, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momose S: Detection of myocardial lesions by dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ryumachi 35: 559–565, 1995 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Anaya JM, Diethelm L, Ortiz LA et al: Pulmonary involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 24: 242–254, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipolito JA, Palmer L, Spector S et al: Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 23: 70–78, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Homma H, Yamanaka A, Tanimoto S et al: Diffuse panbronchiolitis: a disease of the transitional zone of the lung. Chest 83: 63–69, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira M, Kitatani F, Yong-Sik L et al: Diffuse panbronchiolitis: evaluation with high-resolution CT. Radiology 168: 433–438, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrera P, Laan RFJM, van Riel PLCM et al: Methotrexate-related pulmonary complications in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53: 434–439, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherak O, Popp W, Kolarz G et al: Bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy in rheumatoid arthritis. In vivo effects of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. J Rheumatol 20: 944–949, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leduc D, DeVuyst P, Lhereux PH et al: Pneumonitis complicating low-dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Discrepancies between lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage findings. Chest 104: 1620–1623, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun C, Olsen S, Raaschou F et al: Renal biopsy in rheumatoid arthritis. Nephron 2: 65–81, 1965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helin HJ, Korpela MM, Mustonen JT et al.: Renal biopsy findings and clinicopathologic correlations in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 38: 242–247, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano M, In H, Saito T et al.: Renal disorders in rheumatoid arthritis. Nippon Rinsho 50: 148–152, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Boers M: Renal disorders in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 20: 57–68, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly PA, Cosh JA, Maddison PJ et al: Mortality and survival in rheumatoid arthritis: A 25 year prospective study of 100 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 49: 363–369, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi A, Suzuki Y, Okada T: Membranous glomerulonephritis in rheumatoid arthritis unassociated with gold or penicillamine treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 46: 488–490, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• International Society of Nephrology: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: current diagnostic and pathophysiological potential. Kid Int 46: 1–15, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch X, Llena J, Collado A et al: Occurrence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic and antineutrophil (peri)nuclear antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 22: 2038–2045, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Korpela M, Mustonen J, Heikkinen A et al: Isolated microscopic hematuria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with age and sex matched controls. A population based study. J Rheumatol 22: 427–431, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen LM, Nordin H, Svensson B et al: Microalbuminuria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 54: 189–192, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boers M, Dijkmans BAC, Breedveld FC et al: Subclinical renal dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 95–101, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Boers M, Dijkmans BA, Breedveld FC: Prediction of glomerular filtration rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: satisfactory performance of Cockroft formula {letter). J Rheumatol 21: 581–582, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Fries JF, Singh G, Lenert L et al: Aspirin, hydroxychloroquine, and hepatic enzyme abnormalities with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1611–1619, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Rodriguez LA, Williams R, Derby LE et al: Acute liver injury associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the role of risk factors. Arch Intern Med 154: 311–316, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seideman P, Albertioni F, Beck O et al: Chloroquine reduces the bioavailability of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A possible mechanism of reduced hepatotoxicity. Arthritis Rheum 37: 830–833, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Lightfoot RW Jr et al: Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Suggested guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. American College of Rheumatology. Arthritis Rheum 37: 316–328, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aida S: Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activities in rheumatoid arthritis: Hepatobiliary enzyme dissociation and relation to disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 52: 511–516, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Miyachi K, Takano S, Sekiyama N et al: Two cases of rheumatoid arthritis presenting autoimmune hepatic diseases. Ryumachi 34: 639–645, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Peeters HR, longen Lavrencic M, Raja AN et al: Course and characteristics of anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset. Ann Rheum Dis 55: 162–168, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber I, Werre JM, Julius HW et al: Decreased iron absorption in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, with and without iron deficiency. Ann Rheum Dis 47: 404–409, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roester HP: Iron metabolism in inflammation and malignant disease. In Iron in Biochemistry and Medicine (Jacobs A, Worwood M, Eds), II, pp. 605–640. Academic Press, London, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Katevas P, Andonopoulos AP, Kourakli Symeonidis A et al: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis suppress erythropoiesis in vitro via the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Eur J Haematol 53: 26–30, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Baer AN, Dessypries EN, Goldwasser E et al: Blunted erythropoietin response to anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Haematol 66: 559–564, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takashina N, Kondo H, Kashiwazaki S: Suppressed serum erythropoietin response to anemia and the efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin in the anemia of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 17: 885–887, 1990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy EA, Bell AL, Wojtulewski J et al: Study of erythropoietin in treatment of anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 309: 1337–1338, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pincus T, Olsen NJ, Russell IJ et al.: Multicenter study of recombinant human erythropoietin in correction of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 89: 161–168, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters HRM, Jongen-Lavrencic M, Vreugdenhil G et al.: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on anemia and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and anemia of chronic disease: A randomized placebo controlled double blind 52 weeks clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 55: 739–744, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwazaki S, Mizushima Y, Nobunaga M et al.: Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy for anemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Jpn J Rheumatol 6: 333–344, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Campion G, Maddison PJ, Goulding N et al: The Felty syndrome: a case-matched study of clinical manifestations and outcome, serologic features, and immunogenetic associations. Medicine (Baltimore) 69: 69–80, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman SJ, Corrigall V, Panayi GS et al: Hematologic and cytofluorographic analysis of patients with Felty’s syndrome. A hypothesis that a discrete event leads to large granular lymphocyte expansions in this condition. Arthritis Rheum 38: 1252–1259, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman S J, Sivakumaran M, Snowden N et al: The large granular lymphocyte syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis. Immunogenetic evidence for a broader definition of Felty’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 37: 1326–1330, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Coremans IE, Hagen EC, van der Voort EA et al: Autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic enzymes in Felty’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 11: 255–262, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flipo RM, Janin A, Hachulla E et al: Labial salivary gland biopsy assessment in rheumatoid vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 53: 648–652, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon PA, Kitas GD: The significance of vascular inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53: 621–623, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Scott DGI, Bacon PA, Tribe CR: Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: a clinical and laboratory study of 50 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 60: 288–297, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Puechal S, Said G, Hilliquin P et al: Peripheral neuropathy with necrotizing vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of thirty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 38: 1618–1629, 1995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weyand CM, Xi C, Goronzy JJ: Homozygosity for the HLA-DRBl allele selects for extraarticular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 89: 2033–2039, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyand CM, Hicock KC, Conn DL et al: The influence of HLA-DRBl genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 117: 801–806, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt K, Fex E, Johnson U et al: Associations of HLA-DRB and -DQB genes with two and five year outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 55: 34–39, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez-Almazor ME, Shao T, Nelson R et al: HLA-DRBl disease-related subtypes in rheumatoid arthritis. Association with susceptibility but not severity (abstract). Arthritis Rheum 37 (suppl.): 330, 1994.
   Google Scholar