Philosophical Issues Raised by Pharmaceutical Care

REFERENCES

• American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. ASHP statement on pharma­ceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993; 50:1720–3.
   Google Scholar
• American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Use of the term "pharmaceuti­cal care" in AJHP manuscripts. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994; 51:1243.
   Google Scholar
• Angaran DM. Quality assurance to quality improvement: measuring and monitoring pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48:1901–7.
   Google Scholar
• Angaran DM. Selecting, developing, and evaluating indicators. An J Hosp Pharm. 1991;48:l931–7.
   Google Scholar
• Brodie DC, Parish PA, Poston JW. Societal needs for drugs and drug re-lated services. Am J Pharm Ed. 1980; 44:276–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brody JK. Virtue ethics, caring and nursing. Scholar Inq Nurs Pract. 1988; 2:87–96,
   Google Scholar
• Bungay KM, Ware IE. Measuring and monitoring health-related quality of life. Kalamazoo: The Upjohn Company; 1993:3–39.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan AL. Does the philosophy of medicine exist? Theor Med. 1992; 13:67–77.
   Google Scholar
• Cipolle RJ. Drugs don't have doses-people have doses. Ann Phannacother. 1986; 20:881–2,
   Google Scholar
• Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education. Entry level, curricular outcomes, curricular content and educational process (Back-ground Paper 11). In: Penna RP, ed. The papers of the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education. Alexandria, VA: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; 1994:10–34.
   Google Scholar
• Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education. Entry-level education in pharmacy-a commitment to change (A Position Paper). In: Penna RR ed. The papers of the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceu-tical Education. Alexandria, VA: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; 1994:35–58.
   Google Scholar
• Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education. What is the mission of pharmaceutical education? (Background Paper I). In: Penna RP, ed. The papers of the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Educa­tion. Alexandria, VA: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; 1994:3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg JM. Doctors' decisions and the cost of medical care. Ann Arbor, Ml: Health Administration Press; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Engel GL. How much longer must medicine's science be bound by a sev­enteenth century world view? In: White KL, ed. The task of medicine-dialogue at Wickenburg. Palo Alto CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 1988:113–36.
   Google Scholar
• Engel GL, The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977; 196:129–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepler CD. Issues in implementing pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993;50:1635–41.
   Google Scholar
• Hepler CD. New directions in education and practice: pharmaceutical care. In: Osterweis M, Rubin ER, eds. Health professions educators confront a new era: proceedings of the First Congress of Health Professions Educators. Washington, DC: Association of Academic Health Centers; 1993:61–79.
   Google Scholar
• Hepler CD. Pharmacy as a clinical profession. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985; 42:1298–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hepler CD. The third wave in pharmaceutical education: the clinical movement. Am J Pharm Ed. 1987; 51:369–85.
   Google Scholar
• Hepler CD. Unresolved issues in the future of pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1988;45:1071–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceuti-cal care. Am J Pharm Ed. 1989; 53(SUPPL):7s–15s.
   Google Scholar
• Herman J. Beyond positivism: a metaphysical basis for clinical practice? Med Hypotheses. 1992; 39:63-6.
   Google Scholar
• Mich I. Medical nemesis: the expropriation of health. New York: Pantheon Books; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. Provisional draft mission statement for pharmacy practice. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48:1848.
   Google Scholar
• Kottow MH. Classical medicine v alternative medical practices. J Med Ethics. 1992; 18:18–22.
   Google Scholar
• Laszlo E. Introduction to systems philosophy: toward a new paradigm of contemporary thought. New York: Harper & Row; 1972.
   Google Scholar
• May WF. Code, covenant, contract, or philanthropy. Hastings Cent Rep. 1975; 5:29–38.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor D. The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Morley PC. Pharmaceutical care: desiderata. .1 Clin Pharm Ther. 1993; 18:143–6.
   Google Scholar
• Nadzam DM. Development of medication-use indicators by the Joint Com-mission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48:1925–30.
   Google Scholar
• Nortvedt P. Emotions, care and particularity. Vard Nord Utveckl Forsk. 1993; 13:18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Parish PA. What future for pharmacy practice? Pharm J. 1985; 234:209–11.
   Google Scholar
• Petersdorf RG. Defining the good doctor. JAMA. 1993; 269:1681–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey PG, Wenrich MD, Carline JD, Inui TS et al. Use of peer ratings to evaluate physician performance. JAMA. 1993; 269:1655–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA, Griffin MR, Schaffer W et al. Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316:363–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA, Schaffher W, Federspiel CF. Persistence of improvement in anti­biotic prescribing in office practice. JAMA. 1985; 253:1774–6.
   Google Scholar
• Reichenbach H. The rise of scientific philosophy, Berkeley, CA: Universi­ty of California Press; 1958.
   Google Scholar
• Schoderbek PP, Schoderbek CG, Kefalas AG. Management systems: Con­ceptual considerations. 3rd ed. Piano, TX: Business Publications, Inc.; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Avorn J. Improving drug prescribing in pri­mary care: a critical analysis of the experimental literature. Milbank Q. 1989; 67:268–317.
   Google Scholar
• Spike J. The need for teaching philosophy in medical education. Theor Med. 1991; 12:359–65.
   Google Scholar
• Strand LM, Cipolle RJ. Challenges for pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993;50:1618–21.
   Google Scholar
• Strand LM, Cipolle RJ, Morley PC. Pharmaceutical care: an introduction. Kalamazoo, Ml: The Upjohn Company; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Strand LM, Cipolle RJ, Morley PC, Perrier DG. Levels of pharmaceutical care: a needs-based approach. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48:547–50.
   Google Scholar
• Thomasma DC. Establishing the moral basis of medicine: Edmund D. Pel-legrino's philosophy of medicine. J Med Philos. 1990; 15:245–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch RM. A theory of medical ethics. New York: Basic Books; 1981:110–38.
   Google Scholar
• Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Second WHO meeting on the role of the phar­macist: quality pharmaceutical services-benefits for governments and the public (pharmaceutical care). World Health Organization; 1993:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Wulff HR. Philosophy of medicine—from a medical perspective. Theor Med. 1992;13:79–85.
   Google Scholar
• Wulff HR, Pedersen SA, Rosenberg R. Philosophy of medicine: an introduction. St. Louis, MO: Blackwell Mosby; 1986.
   Google Scholar