Review of Programs for Persons Who Are Homeless and Mentally Ill

REFERENCES

• Koegel P,Burnam A,Baumohl J. The causes of homelessness. In: Baumohl J,ed. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx, 1996:24–33.
   Google Scholar
• Susser E,Struening EL, Conover S. Psychiatric problems in homeless men: lifetime psychosis,substance use, and current distress in new arrivals at New York City shelters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:845–50.
   Google Scholar
• Foscarinis M. The federal response: the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act. In: Baumohl J,ed. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx,1996:24–43.
   Google Scholar
• Rochefort DA. From poorhouses to homelessness: policy anal- ysis and mental health care. Westport,Connecticut: Auburn, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Daly GP. Homeless: policies,strategies,and lives on the street. London,England: Routledge,1996.
   Google Scholar
• Giamo B,Grunberg J,eds. Beyond homelessness: frames of reference. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1992.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter E,Hopper K. Shelter and housing for the homeless mentally ill. In: Lamb HR,ed. The homeless mentally ill. Washington,DC: American Psychiatric Association,1984: 109–39.
   Google Scholar
• Burt MR. Over the edge: the growth of homelessness in the 1980s. New York: Russell Sage Foundation,1992.
   Google Scholar
• O’Flaherty B. Making room: the economics of homelessness. Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1996.
   Google Scholar
• Pardes H. The politics of mental health. In: Giamo B,Grun- berg J,eds. Beyond homelessness: frames of reference. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1992:112–25.
   Google Scholar
• Lifton RJ. Victims and survivors. In: Giamo B,Grunberg J, eds. Beyond homelessness: frames of reference. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1992:129–56.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenheck RA. Cost-benefit evaluation of services for home- less people with mental illness: methodological issues for pol- icy analysis and a review of empirical research. Presented at the CMHS Workshop on the Benefit Cost of Homeless Ser- vices,Washington,DC,June 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Burt M. Homelessness: definitions and counts. In: Baumohl J, ed. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx,1996:15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi PH. Down and out in America: the origins of home- lessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1989.
   Google Scholar
• Lindblom EN. Preventing homelessness. In: Baumohl J,ed. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx,1996:187–200.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia E,Susser E,Torres J,Felix A,Conover S. Critical time intervention for individuals in transition from shelter to community living. In: Breakey WR,Thompson JW,eds. Men- tally ill and homeless: special programs for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne,Pennsylvania: Harwood, 1997:75–94.
   Google Scholar
• Susser E, Valencia E,Conover S,Felix A,Tsai WY, Wyatt RJ. Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: a “critical time” intervention after discharge from a shelter. Am J Public Health 1997;87:256–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow SM,Hellman F, Lovell AM,Plapinger JD,Struening EL. Evaluating outreach services: lessons from a study of five programs. New Dir Ment Health Serv 1991;52:29–45.
   Google Scholar
• Oakley D,Dennis DL. Responding to the needs of homeless people with alcohol,drug and mental disorders. In: Baumohl J,ed. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx,1996:179–86.
   Google Scholar
• Straw RB,Levin IS,Osher FC. The federal role in developing effective solutions for social problems. In: Breakey WR, Thompson JW,eds. Mentally ill and homeless: special pro- grams for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne, Pennsylvania: Harwood,1997:17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenheck R,Morrissey J,Lam J,Calloway M, Johnsen M, Goldman H,et al. Service system integration, access to ser- vices,and housing outcomes in a program for homeless people with severe mental illness. Am J Public Health 1998;88:1610–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lam JA,Rosenheck R. Street outreach for homeless persons with serious mental illness: is it effective? Med Care 1999; 37:894–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shern DL,Tsemberis S,Winarski J,Cope N, Cohen M, An- thony W. A psychiatric rehabilitation demonstration for indi- viduals who are street dwelling and seriously disabled. In: Breakey WR,Thompson JW, eds. Mentally ill and homeless: special programs for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne,Pennsylvania: Harwood,1997:119–47.
   Google Scholar
• Stein LI,Test MA. Alternative to mental hospital treatment, I: Conceptual model,treatment program,and clinical evalua- tion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:392–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman AF,Dixon L,Hoch JS, DeForge B,Kernan E,Frank R. Cost-effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Br J Psychiatry 1999;174:346–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenheck RA,Neale MS. Cost-effectiveness of intensive psy- chiatric community care for high users of inpatient services. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:459–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenheck R,Gallup P, Frisman LK. Health care utilization and costs after entry into an outreach program for homeless mentally ill veterans. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1993;44:1166–71.
   Google Scholar
• Hough RL,Harmon S,Tarke H, Yamashiro S,Quinlivan R, Landau-Cox P,et al. Supported independent housing: imple- mentation issues and solutions in the San Diego Project. In: Breakey WR,Thompson JW, eds. Mentally ill and homeless, special programs for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne,Pennsylvania: Harwood,1997:95–118.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly EC,Ashe BL, Duckworth KS. Tailoring and individual- izing housing programs for homeless persons with chronic mental illness. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1999;7:166–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn MW,Duckworth KS. Needing treatment,wanting noth- ing: ethical dilemmas in the treatment of the homeless men- tally ill. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1998;5:274–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breakey WR,Thompson JW, eds. Mentally ill and homeless, special programs for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne,Pennsylvania: Harwood,1997.
   Google Scholar
• Osher FC,Dixon LB. Housing for persons with co-occurring mental and addictive disorders. New Dir Ment Health Serv 1996;70:53–64.
   Google Scholar
• Caton CLM, Shrout PE, Eagle PF,Opler LA,Felix A,Domin- guez B. Risk factors for homelessness among schizophrenic men: a case-control study. Am J Public Health 1994;84:265–70.
   Google Scholar
• Drake RE,Mueser KT. Alcohol-use disorder and severe mental illness. Alcohol Health Res World 1996;20:87–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breakey WR,Fischer PJ. Mental illness and the continuum of residential stability. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1995; 30:147–51.
   Google Scholar
• Drake RE,Bartels SJ,Teague GB,Noordsy DL,Clark RE. Treatment of substance abuse in severely mentally ill pa- tients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181:606–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelbaum PS. Legal aspects of clinical care for severely men- tally ill,homeless persons. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1992;20:455–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swartz MS,Burns BJ,Hiday VA,George LK,Swanson J, Wagner HR. New directions in research on involuntary outpa- tient commitment. Psychiatr Serv 1995;46:381–5.
   Google Scholar
• Torrey EF,Kaplan RJ. A national survey of the use of out- patient commitment. Psychiatr Serv 1995;46:778–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz CW. Coercion in psychiatric care: what have we learned from research? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1998;26:631–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman HJ,Dennis DL,Gounis K,Hopper K,Roche B, Richmond L,et al. Assessing the operation of a New York City program for involuntary outpatient commitment. Res Commu- nity Ment Health 1999;10:31–56.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenheck R,Cramer J, Allan E,Erdos J,Frisman LK,Xu W, et al. Cost-effectiveness of clozapine in patients with high and low levels of hospital use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:565–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culhane DP,Wiviott S. The need for benefit cost analysis: con- sidering the perspectives of homeless service system adminis- trators. Presented at the CMHS Workshop on the Benefit Cost of Homeless Services,Washington,DC,June 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn R,Culhane DP. Applying cluster analysis to test a typol- ogy of homelessness by pattern of shelter utilization: results from the analysis of administrative data. Am J Community Psychol 1998;26:207–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness J,Newman S,Galster G,Reschovsky J. Life-cycle costs of housing for the mentally ill. J Housing Econ 1997;6:223–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfinger SM,Schutt RK,Tolomiczenko GS,Turner WM, Ware N,Penk WE,et al. Housing persons who are homeless and mentally ill: evolving consumer households. In: Breakey WR,Thompson JW,eds. Mentally ill and homeless,special programs for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne, Pennsylvania: Harwood,1997:29–49.
   Google Scholar
• Dickey B,Gonzalez O,Latimer E,Powers K,Schutt R,Gold- finger S. Use of mental health services by formerly homeless adults residing in group and independent housing. Psychiatr Serv 1996;47:152–8.
   Google Scholar
• Dickey B, Latimer E,Powers K,Gonzalez O, Goldfinger SM. Housing costs for adults who are mentally ill and formerly homeless. J Ment Health Adm 1997;24:291–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson V. Responses by the states to homelessness. In: Bau- mohl J,ed. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx, 1996: 172–8.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon L,Kernan E,Krauss N, Lehman A,DeForge BR. Assert- ive Community Treatment for homeless adults. In: Breakey WR,Thompson JW,eds. Mentally ill and homeless,special programs for special needs; chronic mental illness. Langhorne, Pennsylvania: Harwood,1997:51–74.
   Google Scholar
• Culhane DP,Averyt JM, Hadley TR. The rate of public shelter admission among Medicaid-reimbursed users of behavioral health services. Psychiatr Serv 1997;48:390–2.
   Google Scholar
• Stone DA. Policy paradox and political reason. Glenview,Illi- nois: Scott,Foresman,1988.
   Google Scholar