References
- Broker TR, Botchan M. Papillomaviruses: Retrospectives and prospectives. Cancer Cells 4: 17–36, 1986
- Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H. A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3812–3814, 1983
- Giri I, Danos O. Papillomavirus genomes: From sequence data to biological properties. Trends Genet 2: 227–232, 1986
- Gissmann L, Boshart M, Dürst M, Ikenberg H, Wagner D, zur Hausen H. Presence of human papillomavirus in genital tumors. J Invest Dermatol 83: 26s–28s, 1984
- Howley PM. The molecular biology of papillomavirus transformation. Am J Pathol 113: 414–421, 1983
- McCance DJ. Human papillomaviruses and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 823: 195–205, 1986
- Pfister H. Biology and biochemistry of papillomaviruses. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 99: 112–181, 1984
- Smith KT, Campo MS. Papillomaviruses and their involvement in oncogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 39: 405–414, 1985
- Syrjänen KJ. Human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions in association with cervical dysplasias and neoplasias. Obstet Gynecol 62: 617–622, 1983
- Syrjänen KJ. Current concepts on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the genital tract and their relationship to intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol Surv 39: 252–265, 1984
- Syrjänen KJ. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the female genital tract and their associations with intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Annu 21: 53–89, 1986
- zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses and their possible role in squamous cell carcinomas. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 78: 1–30, 1977
- zur Hausen H. Human genital cancer: Synergism between two virus infections or synergism between a virus infection and initiating events? Lancet ii: 1370–1372, 1982
- zur Hausen H, Gissmann L, Schlehofer JR. Viruses in the etiology of human genital cancer. Prog Med Virol 30: 170–186, 1984
- zur Hausen H. Intracellular surveillance of persisting viral infections. Human genital cancer results from deficient cellular control of papillomavirus gene expression. Lancet ii: 489–491, 1986
- Chuang T-Y, Perry HO, Kurland LT, Ilstrup DM. Condyloma acuminatum in Rochester, Minn., 1950–1978. I. Epidemiology and clinical features. Arch Dermatol 120: 469–475, 1984
- Oriel JD. Genital warts. Sex Transm Dis 8: 326–329, 1981
- Oriel JD. Genital and anal papillomavirus infections in human males. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 182–196, 1987
- Syrjänen K, Väyrynen M, Castrén O, Yliskoski M, Mäntyjärvi R, Pyrhönen S, Saarikoski S. Sexual behaviour of the females with human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions in the uterine cervix. Br J Vener Dis 60: 243–248, 1984
- Meisels A, Fortin R, Roy M. Condylomatous lesions of cervix and vagina. I. Cytologic patterns. Acta Cytol 20: 505–509, 1976
- Syrjänen KJ, Heinonen UM, Kauraniemi T. Cytological evidence of the association of condylomatous lesions with the dysplastic and neoplastic changes in uterine cervix. Acta Cytol 25: 17–22, 1981
- Syrjänen KJ, Pyrhönen S. Immunoperoxidase demonstration of human papilloma virus (HPV) in dysplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Arch Gynecol 233: 53–61, 1982
- Pfister H, Fuchs PG. Papillomaviruses: Particles, genome organisation and proteins. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1–18, 1987
- Ikenberg H, Gissmann L, Gross G, Grussendorf-Conen E-I, zur Hausen H. Human papillomavirus type 16-related DNA in genital Bowen's disease and bowenoid papulosis. Int J Cancer 32: 563–565, 1983
- Meanwell CA, Blackledge G, Gox MF, Maitland NJ. HPV 16 DNA in normal and malignant cervical epithelium: Implications for the etiology and behaviour of cervical neoplasia. Lancet i: 703–707, 1987
- Syrjänen K, Väyrynen M, Saarikoski S, Mäntyjärvi R, Parkkinen S, Hippeläinen M, Castrén O. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections based on prospective follow-up. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92: 1086–1092, 1985
- Syrjänen K, Mäntyjärvi R, Parkkinen S, Väyrynen M, Saarikoski S, Syrjänen S, Castrén O. Prospective follow-up in assessment of the biological behaviour of cervical HPV-associated dysplastic lesions. Banbury Rep 21: 167–177, 1986
- Syrjänen K, de Villiers E-M, Väyrynen M, Mäntyjärvi R, Parkkinen S, Saarikoski S, Castrén O. Cervical papillomavirus infection progressing to invasive cancer in less than three years. Lancet i: 510–511, 1985
- Kataja V, Syrjänen K, Mäntyjärvi R, Väyrynen M, Syrjänen S, Saarikoski S, Parkkinen S, Yliskoski M, Salonen JT, Castrén O. Prospective follow-up of cervical HPV infections. Life-table analysis of histopathological, cytological and colposcopic data. Eur J Epidemiol 5: 1–8, 1989
- Syrjänen K, Mäntyjärvi R, Saarikoski S, Väyrynen M, Syrjänen S, Parkkinen S, Yliskoski M, Saasta-moinen J, Castrén O. Factors associated with progression of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections into carcinoma in situ during a long-term prospective follow-up. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 1096–1102, 1988
- Schwarz E. Transcription of papillomavirus genomes. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 444–466, 1987
- Syrjänen SM. Human papillomavirus infections in the oral cavity. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 104–137, 1987
- Gupta JW, Gendelman HE, Naghashfar Z, Gupta P, Rosenshein N, Sawada E, Woodruff JD, Shah KV. Specific identification of human papillomavirus type in cervical smears and paraffin sections by in situ hybridization with radioactive probes: A preliminary communication. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 211–218, 1985
- de Villiers E-M, Schneider A, Gross G, zur Hausen H. Analysis of benign and malignant urogenital tumors for human papillomavirus infection by labelling cellular DNA. Med Microbiol Immunol 174: 281–286, 1986
- Syrjänen KJ. Papillomaviruses and cancer. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 468–503, 1987
- Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S. Human papillomavirus in bronchial squamous cell carcinomas. Lancet i: 168–169, 1987
- Syrjänen S, Syrjänen K, Mäntyjärvi R, Collan Y, Kärjä J. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx demonstrated by in situ DNA hybridization. ORL 49: 175–186, 1987
- Ferenczy A, Mitao M, Nagai N, Silverstein SJ, Crum CP. Latent papillomavirus and recurring genital warts. N Engl J Med 313: 784–788, 1985
- Kataja V, Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S, Yliskoski M, Parkkinen S, Saarikoski S, Mäntyjärvi R, Väyrynen M, Salonen JT, Castrén O. Prospective follow-up of genital HPV infections. Life-table analysis of HPV typing data. Eur J Epidemiol. Submitted.
- Syrjänen K, Hakama M, Saarikoski S, Väyrynen M, Yliskoski M, Syrjänen S, Kataja V, Castrén O. Prevalence, incidence and estimated life-time risk of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in nonselected Finnish female population. Sex Transm Dis. Submitted, 1989
- Fife KH, Rogers RE, Zwickl BW. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cervical infections with human papillomavirus during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 156: 904–911, 1987
- Macnab JCM, Walkinshaw SA, Cordiner JW, Clements JB. Human papillomavirus in clinically and histologically normal tissue of patients with genital cancer. N Engl J Med 315: 1052–1058, 1986
- Wickenden C, Malcolm ADB, Byrne M, Smith C, Anderson MC, Coleman DV. Prevalence of HPV DNA and viral copy numbers in cervical scrapes from women with normal and abnormal cervices. J Pathol 153: 127–135, 1987
- Brinton LA. Current epidemiological studies–Emerging hypotheses. Banbury Rep 21: 17–28, 1986
- Doll R. Implications of epidemiological evidence for future progress. Banbury Rep 21: 321–322, 1986
- Vessey MP. Epidemiology of cervical cancer: Role of hormonal factors, cigarette smoking and occupation. Banbury Rep 21: 29–43, 1986
- Singer A, Reid BL, Coppleson M. A hypothesis: The role of a high-risk male in the etiology of cervical carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 110–115, 1976
- von Krogh G, Rylander E. Clinical management of human papilloma virus infections. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 296–333, 1987
- Gross G. Lesions of the male and female external genitalia associated with human papillomaviruses. In: Syrjänen KJ, Gissmann L, Koss L, eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 197–234, 1987
- Syrjänen S, Partanen P, Syrjänen K. Comparison of the in situ DNA hybridization protocols using 35S-labeled probes and biotin-labeled probes in detection of HPV DNA sequences. Cancer Cells 5: 329–336, 1987
- Levine RU, Crum CP, Herman E, Silvers D, Ferenczy A, Richart RM. Cervical papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia: A study of male sexual partners. Obstet Gynecol 64: 16–20, 1984
- Obalek S, Jablonska S, Beaudenon S, Walczak L, Orth G. Bowenoid papulosis of the male and female genitalia: Risk of cervical neoplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol 14: 433–444, 1986
- Väyrynen M. Natural history of cervical HPV infections. Colposcopic assessment and biological considerations. Publ Univ Kuopio Orig Rep 2: 1–83, 1986
- Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S, Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S, Castrén O. Cryotherapy and CO2-laser vaporization in the treatment of cervical and vaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. In press, 1989
References
- Nahmias A, Dowdle W. Antigenic and biologic differences in Herpesvirus hominis. Prog Med Virol 10: 110–159, 1969
- Nahmias A, Keyserling H, Lee F. Epidemiology of herpes simples viruses 1 and 2. In: Evans A, ed.Viral infections of human. 3rd ed. New York. Plenum Press, 393–413, 1989
- Lee F, Coleman RM, Pereira L, Bailey P, Tatsuno M, Nahmias AJ. Detection of Herpes simplex virus type 2 specific antibody with glycoprotein G. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4: 641–644, 1985
- Lee F, Pereira L, Griffin C, Reid E, Nahmias A. A novel glycoprotein (gG1) for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 specific antibodies. J Virol Meth 14: 111–118, 1986
- Nahmias AJ, Lee FK, Pereira L, Reid E, Wickliffe C. Monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity purified glycoproteins for the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 specific antibodies in serum. In: Roizman B, Lopez C, eds. Immunobiology of Herpesviruses. New York: Raven Press, 201–210, 1986
- Nahmias A, Dannenberger J, Wickliffe C, Muther J. Clinical aspects of herpes simplex virus infections. In: Nahmias A, Dowdle W, Schinazi R, eds. The human Herpesviruses–an interdisciplinary perspective. New York: Elsevier-North Holland, 3–9, 1981
- Rawls WE, Compion-Piccardo J. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. In: Nahmias A, Dowdle W, Schinazi E, eds. The human Herpesviruses: An interdisciplinary perspective. New York: Elsevier-Holland, 137–153, 1981
- Smith IW, Peutherer JF, MacCallum FO. The incidence of herpesvirus hominis antibody in the population. J. Hyg. 65: 395–408, 1967
- Nahmias A, Keyserling H, Kerrick G. Herpes simplex. In: Remington J, Klein J, eds. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983
- Ades AE, Peckham CS, Dale GE, Best JM, Jeansson S. Prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, and estimated rates of infection. J Epidemiol Comm Health 43: 53–60, 1989
- Svennerholm B, Olofsson S, Jeansson S, Vahlne A, Lycke E. Herpes simplex virus type-selective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with Helix pomatia lectin-purified antigens. J Clin Microbiol 19: 235–239, 1984
- Ashley RL, Militonio J, Lee RK, Nahmias AJ, Corey L. Comparison of Western blot and Ig-specific immunodot enzyme assay for detecting antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human era. J Clin Microbiol 26: 662–667, 1988
- Johnson R, Nahmias AJ, Magder L, Lee FK, Brooks C, Snowden C. A seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States. N Engl J Med 321: 7–12, 1989
- Nahmias A, Brooks C, Johnson R, Lee F, Pereira L, Griffin C, Reid E, Forest E. Distribution of antibodies to herpes simplex viruses (1 and 2) in the United States as measured by a new antibody type-specific assay. International Conference on Human Herpesviruses, Leeds, England, July 1986
- Becker TM, Magder L, Harrison HR, Stewart JA, Humphrey DD, Hauler J, Nahmias AJ. The epidemiology of infection with the human herpesviruses in Navajo children. Am J Epidemiol 127: 1071–1078, 1988
- Gibson JJ, Hornung CA, Alexander GR, Potts WA, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ. The patterns of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 infections in college students. J Infect Dis. (In press.)
- Nahmias A, Dowdle W, Naib Z, Josey W, Luce C. Genital infections with Herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2 in children. Pediatrics 42: 659–666, 1968
- Dolin R, Gill F, Nahmias A. Genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection—variability in modes of spread. J Am Vener Dis Assoc 2: 13–16, 1975
- Guinan ME, Wolinsky SM, Reichman RC. Epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection. Epidemiol Rev 7: 127–146, 1985
- Nahmias A, Roizman B. Infection with herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. New Engl J Med 289: 667–674, 719–725, 781–789, 1973
- Corey L. Genital herpes. In: Roizman B, Lopez C, eds. The Herpesviruses. Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1–36, 1986
- Nahmias A, Adelusi B, Naib Z, Muther J. Changing concepts on the relation of genital herpes and cervical cancer. In: Grundmann E, ed. Cancer of the uterine cervix. Cancer compaign, Vol. 8. Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 141–149, 1985
- Gerber R, Holmberg S, Lee F, Nahmias A. (Unpublished results.)
- Darrow W, Cohen J, French J, Gill P, Potterat J, Ravenholt O, Sikes K, Witte J, Wofsy C, Deppe D, Schable C, Hadler S, Larsoe S, Khabbaz R, Nahmias A, Jaffe H. Sexually transmissible infections in American prostitutes. (Unpublished results.)
- Nahmias A, Keyserling H, Bain R, Becker T, Lee F, Coleman M, Dragalin D, Pereira L, Wickliffe C, Wells E, Perry L, Muther J. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-specific antibodies in a USA prepaid group medical practice population. International Society for Sexually Transmitted Disease Research, London, England, 1985
- Oberle M, Rosero-Bixby L, Lee F, Sanchez-Braverman M, Nahmias A, Guinan M. Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in Costa Rica–high prevalence in monogamous women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41: 224–229, 1989
- Beckman-Nahmias S, Danielsson D, Grillner L, Gustafsson A, Forsgren M, Lee F, Nahmias A. Prevalence of type specific antibodies to herpes simplex type 1 and 2 in Swedish women attending prenatal clinic. (Manuscript submitted.)
- Beckman-Nahmias S, Grillner L, Hammar H, Juhlin I, Lee F, Nahmias A. Prevalence of type specific antibodies to herpes simplex type 1 and 2 in Swedish STD patients. (Manuscript submitted.)
- Hashido M, Kawana T, Tsugemi H, Isomura M, Yamaguchi N, Lee F, Nahmias A. The prevalence of type-specific antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 in Japan. Igaku-no-ayumi 152: 669–670, 1990
- Keet R, Lee F, van Griensven G, Lange J, Nahmias A, Goutinho R. Herpes simplex type 2 and other genital ulcerative infections as a risk factor for HIV infection. (Manuscript submitted.)
- Boulos R, Halsey N, Ruff A, Adrien M, Quinn T, Nahmias A. Herpes simplex, syphilis, and hepatitis B: association with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in pregnant Haitian women. V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada 1989
- Keyserling HK, Thompson S, Robinowitz M, Lee FK, Klein L, Coleman R, Bain R, Nahmias AJ. Prevalence of genital herpes and/or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibodies in two obstetric populatons. (Manuscript submitted.)
- Clumeck N, Hermans P, DeWit S, Lee F, Van de Perre P, Nahmias A. Herpes type II (HSV-2): a possible co-factor of the HIV infection among central African heterosexual patients. ICAAC, New York, 1987
- Mertz GJ, Schmidt O, Jourden JL, Guinan M, Holmes KK, Corey L. Frequency of acquisition of first-episode genital infection with simplex virus from symptomatic and asymptomatic source contacts, Sex Transm Dis 12: 33–39, 1985
- Whittington W, Nigida SM Jr, Lossick J, Miller R, Edwards T, Magder L, Lee F, Nahmias A. The acquisition of sexually transmitted primary infection with herpes simplex viruses. (Manuscript submitted.)
- Thompson S, Nahmias A, Barrett K, Wickliffe C. Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infections during pregnancy: viral shedding in high and low risk women. Inter Soc Sexually Transmitted Disease Research, Atlanta, GA, 1987
- Nahmias A, Weiss J, Yao X, Lee FK, Kodsi R, Schanfield M, Matthews T, Bolognesi D, Durack D, Motulsky A, Kanki P, Essex M. Evidence for human infection with an HTLV-III/LAV-like virus in Central Africa, 1959. Lancet ii: 1279, 1986
- Stagno S, Lee F, Nahmias A. (Unpublished observations.)
- Holmberg SD, Stewart J, Gerber R, Byers R, Lee F, O'Malley P, Nahmias A. Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection. JAMA 259: 1048–1050, 1988
- Pepin J, Plummer F, Brunham R, Piot P, Cameron D, Ronald A. The interaction of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases: An opportunity for intervention. AIDS 3: 3–9, 1989
- Hook E, Cannon R, Nahmias A, Lee F, Campbell C, Glasser D, Quinn T. Herpes simplex infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexuals. (Manuscript submitted.)
- Stamm W, Handsfield HH, Rompalo A, Ashley R, Roberts P, Corey L. The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men. JAMA 260: 1429–1450, 1988
- Whittington WL, Jacobs B, Lewis J, Lee F, Edwards T, Nahmias A. HIV-1 in patients with genital lesions attending a North American STD clinic: Assessment of risk factors. V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada 1989
- Blattner W. Epidemiology of retroviruses. In: Evans A, ed. Viral infections of humans. 3rd ed. New York: Plenum Press, 545–592, 1989
- Wictor A, Blattner W, Lee F, Nahmias A. (Unpublished results.)
- Hashido M. (Unpublished results.)
References
- Whitley RJ, Corey L, Arvin AM, Lakeman FD, Sumaya CV, Wright PF, Dunkle LM, Steele RW, Soong S-J. Nahmias AJ, Alford CA, Powell DA, San Joaquin V and the NIAID Collaborative antiviral study group. Changing presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates. J Infect Dis 158: 109–116, 1988
- Malm G, Forsgren M, Azazi M, Persson A. Late nervous disturbance induced by neonatal herpes simplex virus infections: A follow-up study with special regard to neurological and behavioural changes. Acta Paediatr Scand, accepted for publication 1989
- Corey L, Stone EF, Whitley RJ, Mohan K. Difference between herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 neonatal encephalitis in neurological outcome. Lancet i: 1–4, 1988
- Azazi M, Malm G, Forsgren M. Late ocular manifestations of neonatal herpes simplex. Am J Ophthalmol 109: 1–7, 1990
- Jeansson S, Forsgren M, Svennerholm B. Evaluation of solubilized herpes simplex virus membrane antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 18: 1160–1166, 1983
- Olofsson S, Lundström M, Marsden H, Jeansson S, Olofsson S. Characterization of herpes simplex virus typed 2 specified glycoprotein with affinity for N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectins and its identification as g92K or gG. J Gen Virol 67: 737–744, 1986
- Forsgren M, Skoog E, Jeansson S, Olofsson S, Granath F. Increase of herpes type 2 infection in pregnant female population in Stockholm 1969 to 1983. Lancet, submitted for publication 1989
- Corey L, Spear PG. Infections with herpes simplex viruses. (Second of two parts). N Engl J Med 314: 749–757, 1986
- Corey L. First episode, recurrent and asymptomatic herpes simplex infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 18: 169–172, 1988
- Prober CG, Sullender WM, Yasukawa LL, Au DS, Yeager A, Arvin AM. Low risk of herpes simplex virus infections in neonates exposed to the virus at the time of vaginal delivery to mothers with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection. N Engl J Med 316: 240–244, 1987
- Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Perinatal herpes simplex virus infection. Paediatrics 66: 147–148, 1980
- Binkin NJ, Koplan JP, Cates W. Preventing neonatal herpes: The value for weekly viral cultures in pregnant women with recurrent genital herpes. JAMA 251: 2816–2821, 1984
- Arvin AM, Hensleigh PA, Prober CG. Failure of antepartum maternal cultures to predict the infants' risk of exposure to herpes simplex virus at delivery. N Engl J Med 315: 796–800, 1986
- Editorial. Virological screening for herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. Lancet ii: 722–723, 1988
References
- WHO EPI/GEN/88.5. Hepatitis B immunization strategies. World Health Organization, 1988
- Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W. The e-antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 105: 94–98, 1977
- Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Tong MJ, Toy PT, Vyas GN. Hepatitis B vaccine: An overview. In: Viral hepatitis and liver diseaese. New York: Alan R Liss Inc, 275–291, 1984
- Shiraki K, Yoshihara N, Sakurai M, Eto T, Kawana T. Acute hepatitis B in infants born to carrier mothers mith the antibody to hepatitis B e-antigen. J Pediatrics 768–770, 1980
- Lok ASF, Lai C-L. A Longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Chinese children. Hepatology 5: 1130–1133, 1988
- Beasley RP, Hwang L-Y, Lin C-C, Leu M-L, Stevens CE, Szmuness W, Chen K-P. Incidence of hepatitis B virus infections in preschool children in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 146: 198–204, 1982
- Ayoola EA. Viral hepatitis in Africa. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed.Viral hepatitis and liver disease, Alan R Liss Inc, New York: 161–169, 1988
- Davis LG, Weber DJ, Lemon SM. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 889–893, 1989
- Lindberg J, Lindholm A. HBsAg-positive Swedish blood donors: Natural history and origin of infection. Scand J Infect Dis 20: 377–382, 1988
- Andersson R, Norkrans G, Bengtsson C, Hällström T. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in a random sample of women from Göteborg, Sweden. Scand J Prim Health Care 7: 1–4, 1989
- Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, Nomura H, Kajiyama W, Ikematsu H, Noguchi A. Changing pattern of intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B virus in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Epidemiol 127: 783–787, 1988
- Judson FN. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted hepatitis B infections in heterosexuals: A review. Epidemiol of Hepatitis B 8: 336–343, 1981
- Papaevangelou G, Tassopoulos N, Roumeliotou-Karayannis A, Richardson SC. Sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis 152: 231, 1985
- Leads from the MMWR. Changing patterns of groups at high risk for hepatitis B in the United States. JAMA 260: 761, 765, 770, 1988
- Sobeslavsky O. HBV as a global problem. In: Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute Press, 347–356, 1978
- Andersson MG, Murray-Lyon IM. Natural history of the HBsAg carrier. Gut 26: 848–860, 1985
- Hoofnagle JH, Shafritz DA, Popper H. Chronic type B hepatitis and the “Healthy HBsAg Carrier State”. Hepatology 7: 758–763, 1987
- Olsson R, Lindberg J, Weiland O, Nilsson L & members of the Swedish Internal Medicine Club and Clinics for Infectious Diseases. Chronic active hepatitis in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 23: 463–470, 1988
- Skinhoj P. Epidemiological aspects of viral hepatitis A and B infections. Danish Medical Bulletin 28: 177–192, 1981
- Popper H, Shafritz A, Hoofnagle JH. Relation of the hepatitis B virus carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 7: 764–772, 1987
- Beasley RP, Hwang L-Y. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Alan R Liss Inc 209–224, 1984
- Hall AJ, Alveyn CG, Winter PD, Wright R. Mortality of hepatitis B-positive blood donors in England and Wales. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed.Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Alan R Liss Inc, 192–194, 1988
References
- Ljunggren K, Patanoyo ME, Engle R, Purcell RH, Gerin JL. Viral hepatitis in Colombia: A study of the “Hepatitis de Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta”. Hepatology 5: 299–304, 1985
- Hadler SC, De Monzon M, Ponzetto A, Anzole E, Rivera D, Mondolfi A, Bracho A, Francis DP, Gerber MA, Thung S, Gerin JL, Maynard JE, Popper H, Purcell RH. An epidemic of severe hepatitis due to delta virus infection in Yucpa indians of Venezuela. Ann Int Medicine 100: 339–349, 1984
- Lesbordes JL, Ravisse P, Georges AJ, Chevalier P, Pichond C, Vitviski L, Trepo C. Studies on the role of HDV in an outbreak of fulminant hepatitis in Banguin (Central African Republic). In: Rizzeto M, Gerin JL, Purcell RH, eds. The hepatitis delta virus and its infection. New York: Alan R Liss, 451–459, 1987
- Ketiladze ES, Vyazov SO, Chernovetsky MA, Mikhailov M, Bugayeva N, Kozlova TP. Delta infection in patients and HBsAg carriers. In: Rizzeto M, Gerin JL, Purcell RH, eds. The hepatitis delta virus and its infection. New York: Alan R Liss, 461–466, 1987
- Tapalaga D, Forzani B, Hele C, Panavicini PP, Ponzetto A, Theilman L. Prevalence of hepatitis delta virus in Rumania. Hepato-Gastroenterology 33: 238–239, 1986
- Nordenfelt E, Hansson BG, Al-Nakib B, Al-Kandari S, Al-Nakib W. Frequency of delta agent infection in Kuwait. J Infect Dis 148: 768, 1983
- Rizzetto M. Biology and characterization of the delta agent. In: Szmuness W, Alter HJ, Maynard JE, eds. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press, 355–360, 1982
- Hansson BG, Moestrup T, Widell A, Nordenfelt E. Infection with delta agent in Sweden. Introduction of a new hepatitis agent. J Infect Dis 146: 472–478, 1982
- Lettan LA, McCarthy JG, Smith MH, Hadler SC, Morse LJ, Ukena T, Besette R, Gurwitz A, Irvine WG, Fields HA, Grady GF, Maynard JE. Outbreak of severe hepatitis due to delta and hepatitis B viruses in parenteral drug abusers and their contacts. N Engl J Med 317: 1256–1262, 1987
- Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A, Bonino F, Smedile A. Hepatitis Delta virus infection: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 389–394, 1988
- Greenfield C, Farci P, Osidiana J, McPherson CNL, Romig T, Zeylke E, French M, Johnson B, Tukei P, Wankya BM, Thomas HC. Hepatitis delta virus infection in Kenya. Am J Epidemiol 123: 416–423, 1986
- Siebke JC, von der Lippe B, Hansson BG, Nordenfelt E, Degré M. Prevalence and clinical effects of delta agent. Infections in Norwegian population subgroups. Scand J Infect Dis 18: 33–36, 1986
- Bradley DW, Krawczyuski K, Cook EH, McCoustland, Humphrey CD, Spelbring JE, Myint H, Maynard JE. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: Serial passage of disease in cynomolgus macaques and tamarines and recovery of disease-associated 27–34 nm virus-like particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci 84: 6277–6281, 1987
- Purcell RH, Ticehurst JR. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 131–137, 1988
- Viswanethan R. Infection hepatitis in Delhi (1955–1956). A critical study, epidemiology. Ind J Med Res (Suppl) 45: 1–30, 1957
- Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancer i: 571–573, 1988
- Alter HJ. Transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. The first decade. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 537–542, 1988
- Choo QL, Kuo G. Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244: 359–361, 1989
- Kuo G, Choo QL, Alter HJ, Gitnick L, Redeker AG, Purcell RH, Miyamma T, Dienstag JL, Alter HJ, Stevens CE, Tegtmeier GE, Bonino F, Colombo M, Lee WS, Kuo C, Berger K, Shrester JR, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 244: 362–364.
- Cossart YE, Kirsch S, Ismay SL. Post-transfusion hepatitis in Australia. Report of the Australian Red Cross Study. Lancet 1: 208–213, 1982
- Tremolada F, Chiappetta F, Noventa F. Valfré C, Ongaro G, Realdi G. Prospective study of posttransfusion hepatitis in cardiac surgery patients receiving only blood or also blood products. Vox Sang 44: 25–30, 1983
- Hollinger FB, Alter HJ, Holland PV, Aach RD. Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis in the United States. In: Gerety RJ, ed. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. New York: Academic Press, 49–70, 1981
- Grillner L, Bergdahl S, Jyrälä A. Non-A, non-B hepatitis after open heart surgery in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 14: 171–175, 1982
- Lagerstedt A, Leikola J, Merikallio E, Ukkonen P. Post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in Finland: A prospective study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 42: 567–570, 1982
- Widell A, Sundström G, Hansson BG, Fex G, Moestrup T, Nordenfelt E. Post-transfusion hepatitis type non-A, non-B in southern Sweden: Occurrence and clinical significance. Scand J Infect Dis 19: 603–610, 1987
- Mattson L, Åberg B, Weiland O, Sellman M, Davilén J. Non-A, non-B hepatitis after open heart surgery in Stockholm: Declining incidence after introduction of restriction for blood donations due to immunodeficiency virus. Scand J Infect Dis 20: 371–376, 1988
- Fletcher ML, Trowell JM, Craske J, Pavier K, Rizza CR. Non-A, non-B hepatitis after transfusion of factor VIII in frequently treated patients. Br Med J 287: 1754–1757, 1983
- Karnoff PBA, Lee CA, Karayinnis P, Thomas HC. High risk of non-A, non-B hepatitis after a first exposure to volunteer of commercial clotting factor concentrates. Br J Heamatol 58: 174, 1984
- Colombo M, Carnelli V, Gazengol C, Mannuci PM, Savidge GF, Schimpf K and the European Study Group. Transmission on non-A, non-B hepatitis by heart-treated factor VIII concentrate. Lancet II: 1–4, 1985
- Lever AM, Brown D, Webster ADB, Thomas HC. Non-A, non-B hepatitis occurring in agammaglobu-linaemic patients after intravenous immunoglobulin. Lancet II: 1062–1064, 1984
- Weiland O, Mattson L, Glanman H. Non-A, non-B hepatitis after intravenous gammaglobulin. Lancet I: 976–977, 1986
- Mattson L. Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Thesis. Stockholm: Karolinska Institute, p. 7–9, 1989
- Dienstag JL. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. Recognition, epidemiology and clinical features. Gastroenterology 85: 439–462, 1983
References
- World Health Organization. Strategies for the prevention of blindness in national programmes. A primary health care approach. Wld Hlth Org, Geneva, 1984, 88 pp.
- Jones BR. Prevention of blindness from trachoma. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 95: 16–33, 1975
- Dawson CR, Jones BR, Tarizzo ML. Guide to trachoma control. Wld Hlth Org, Geneva, 1981, 56 pp.
- Bietti GB, Freyche MJ, Vozza R. La diffusion actuelle du trachome dans le monde. Rev Int Trachome 39: 113–310, 1962
- Dawson CR, Daghfous T, Messadi M, Hoshiwara I, Schachter J. Severe endemic trachoma in Tunisia. Br J Ophthalmol 60: 245–252, 1976
- Schachter J, Dawson CR. Human chlamydial infections, PSG Publishing Co: Littleton, 1978, 273 pp.
- McCallan AF. Incidence of blindness in Egypt. Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt 16: 77–79, 1917
- Said M-E, Goldstein H, Korra A, El-Kashlan K. Visual acuity as related to causes of blindness, age and sex in urban and rural Egyptians. Am J Public Health 61: 2433–2448, 1971
- Schachter J, Moncada J, Dawson CR, Sheppard J, Courtright P, Said ME, Zaki S, Hafez SF, Lorincz A. Nonculture methods for diagnosing chlamydial infection in patients with trachoma: A clue to the pathogenesis of the disease? J Infect Dis 158: 1347–1352, 1988
- Malaty R, Zaki S, Said ME, Vastine DW, Dawson CR, Schachter J. Extraocular infections in children in endemic trachoma. J Infect Dis 143: 853, 1981
- Grayston JT, Wang S-P, Yeh L-J, Kuo C-C. Importance of reinfection in the pathogenesis of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 7: 717–725, 1985
- Dawson CR, Daghfous T, Messadi M, Hoshiwara I, Schachter J. Severe endemic trachoma in Tunisia. Br J Ophthalmol 60: 245–252, 1976
- Dawson CR, Daghous T, Messadi M, Hosiwara I, Vastine DW, Yoneda C, Schachter J. Microbiologic findings in a controlled trial of rifampicin and tetracycline for the treatment of severe endemic trachoma in Tunisia. Rev Int Trachome 51: 59–64, 1974
- Dawson CR. Trachoma–A public health problem. Rev Int du Trachome 53: 82–90, 1976
- Dawson CR, Whitcher JP, Lyon C, Schachter J. Response to treatment in ocular Chlamydia infections (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis): Analogies with nongonococcal urethritis. In: Holmes KK, Hobson D, eds. Non-gonococcal urethritis and related infections. Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 135–139, 1976
- Ballard RC, Sutter EE, Fotheringham P. Trachoma in a rural South African community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 113–120, 1978
- Taylor HR, West SK, Katala S, Foster A. Trachoma: Evaluation of a new grading scheme in the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull WHO 65: 485–488, 1987
- The epidemiology of blindness in Nepal, 1988. Brilliant GE, ed. Chelsea: The Seva Foundation, pp. 419.
- Beem MO, Saxon EM. Respiratory-tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med 296: 306–310, 1977
- Schachter J, Grossman M, Sweet RL, Holt J, Jordan C, Bishop E. Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. JAMA 255: 3374–3377, 1986
- Datta P, Laga M, Plummer FA, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Maitha G, Ronald AR, Brunham RC. Infection and disease after perinatal exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect Dis 158: 524–528, 1988
- Kuo C-C, Wang S-P, Holmes K, Grayston T. Immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates in Seattle, Washington. Infect Immun 41: 865–868, 1983
- Morrison RP, Lying K, Caldwell HD. Chlamydial disease pathogenesis. Ocular hypersensitivity elicited by a genus-specific 57 Kd protein. J Exp Med 169: 663–675, 1989
- Patton DL, Kuo C-C, Wang S-P, Halbert SA. Distal tube obstruction induced by repeated Chlamydia trachomatis salpingeal infections in pig-tailed macaques. J Infect Dis 155: 1292–1299, 1987
- Taylor HR, Johnson SL, Schachter J, Caldwell HD. Pathogenesis of trachoma: The stimulus for inflammation. J Immunol 138: 3023–3027, 1987
- Courtright P, Sheppard J, Schachter J, Said ME, Dawson CR. Trachoma and blindness in the Nile Delta: Current patterns and projections for the future in the rural Egyptian population. Br J Ophthalmol 73: 536–540 1989
References
- Grayston JT, Kuo C-C, Campbell LA, Wang SP. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp. nov. for chlamydia sp. strain TWAR. Int J System Bacteriol 39: 88–90, 1989
- Chi EY, Kuo C-C, Grayston JT. Unique ultrastructure in the elementary body of chlamydia sp. strain TWAR. J Bacteriol 169: 3757–3763, 1987
- Campbell LA, Kuo C-C, Grayston JT. Characterization of the new chlamydia agent, TWAR, as a unique organism by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 25: 1911–1916, 1987
- Cox RL, Kuo C-C, Grayston JT, Campbell LA. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of chlamydia sp. strain TWAR to Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. Int J System Bacteriol 38: 265–268, 1988
- Kuo C-C, Chen HH, Wang SP, Grayston JT. Characterization of TWAR strains, a new group of chlamydia psittaci. Oriel D, Ridgway G, Schachter J, Taylor-Robinsson D, Ward M eds. Chlamydial infections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 321–324, 1986
- Grayston JT, Wang S-P, Kuo C-C, Campbell LA. Current knowledge on chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, an important cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8: 191–202, 1989
- Saikku P, Wang S-P, Kleemola M, Brunder E, Rusanen E, Grayston JT. An epidemic of mild pneumonia due to an unusual strain of Chlamydia psittaci. J Infect Dis 151: 832–839, 1985
- Grayston JT, Kuo C-C, Wang SP, Altman J. A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. N Engl J Med 315: 161–168, 1986
- Marrie TJ, Grayston JT, Wang S-P, Kuo C-C. Pneumonia associated with the TWAR strain of chlamydia. Ann Intern Med 106: 507–511, 1987
- Grayston JT, Diwan VK, Cooney M, Wang S-P. Community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia associated with chlamydia TWAR infection demonstrated serologically. Arch Intern Med 149: 169–173, 1989
- Davis C, Barron A, Campbell G, McCracken G, Bates J. Chlamydia, TWAR strain among older adults with acute pneumonia. Chest 95 S(3), Suppl S206, 1989
- Kleemola M, Saikku P, Visakorpi R, Wang S-P, Grayston JT. Epidemics of pneumonia caused by TWAR, a new Chlamydia organizing in military trainees in Finland. J Infect Dis 157: 230–236, 1988
- Ekman MR, Saikku P, Kleemola M, Visakorpi R, Kuo C-C, Grayston JT. Mild and asymptomatic respiratory infections with chlamydia TWAR during a military pneumonia epidemic. 1st Int Meeting of the European Societey for Chlamydial Research, Bologna 1988, abstr. 56.
- Saikku P, Ruutu P, Leinonen M, Panelius J, Tupasi TE, Grayston JT. Acute lower-respiratory-tract infection associated with Chlamydial TWAR antibody in Filipino children. J Infect Dis 158: 1095–1097, 1988
- Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T, Meurman O, Hakkarinen K, Miettinen A, Arstila P, Eskola J, Saikku P. Pharyngitis in adults; The presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann Intern Med 110: 612–616, 1989
- Mordhorst CH, Wang S-P, Grayston JT. Epidemic “ornithose” and TWAR infection, Denmark 1976–85. In: Oriel D, Ridgway G, Schachter J, Taylor-Robinson D, Ward M, eds. Chlamydial infections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 325–328, 1986
- Wang S-P, Grayston JT. Microimmunofluorescence serological studies with the TWAR organism. Ibid., pp. 329–332.
- Forsey T, Darougar S, Treharne JD. Prevalence in human beings of antibodies to Chlamydia-IOL-207, an atypical strain of chlamydia. J Infect 12: 145–152, 1986
- Saikku P, Mattila K, Nieminen MS, Huttunen JK, Leinonen M, Ekman M-R, Mäkelä PH, Valtonen V. Serological evidence of an association of a novel chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infection. Lancet ii: 983–986, 1988
- Kuo C-C, Grayston JT. In vitro drug susceptibility of Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32: 257–258, 1988
- Osser S, Persson K. Immune response to genital chlamydial infection and influence of Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) antibodies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8: 532–535, 1989
References
- Sticker G. Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten von J. Jadassohn, vol. 23: 274–276, 1931
- Aral SO, Holmes KK. Epidemiology of sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted diseases. In: Holmes KK, Mårdh P-A, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ, eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 19–36, 1990
- Juhlin J. Problems in diagnostic, treatment and control of gonorrhoeal infections. Acta Der Venereol (Stockh) 45: 223–230, 1965
- Wallin J. Sexuell übertragbare Erkrankungen: Die gegenwärtige Situation in Schweden. Der Hautarzt 31: 233–236, 1980
- Eriksson G. Oral ampicillin in uncomplicated gonorrhoea. II. Results of treatment in women. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 50: 461–465, 1970
- Lidén S. Gonorrhoea continues to increase–The importance of medical factors. Läkartidningen 66: 907–911, 1969
- Barr J, Danielsson D. Septic gonococcal dermatitis. Observations on the incidence, clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. Br Med J 1: 482–485, 1971
- Danielsson D. Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In: Oriel JD, Harris JRW, eds. Recent advances in sexually transmitted diseases. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1–21, 1986
- Forslin L, Danielsson D, Falk V. Changes in the incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis. A five-year study from an urban area of central Sweden. Br J Verner Dis 54: 247–250, 1978
- Malmborg A-S, Molin L, Nyström B. Pivampicillin combined with probenicid in the treatment of acute uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 53: 501–504, 1973
- Juhlin L. The situation of gonococcal and non-gonococcal infections in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries. In: Danielsson D, Juhlin L, Mårdh P-A, eds. Genital infections and their complications. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 25–28, 1975
References
- Reyn A. Drug susceptibility pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A world-wide review. Asian J Infect Dis 1: 1–14, 1977
- Lind I. Present status of antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Eur J Sex Transm Dis 3: 185–189, 1986
- Whittington WL, Knapp JS. Trends in resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial agents in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 15: 202–210, 1988
- Philips I. β-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus. Lancet 2: 656–657, 1976
- Ashford WA, Golash RG, Hemming VG. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 2: 657–658, 1976
- Centers for Disease Control. Global distribution of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG). MMWR 31: 1–3, 1982
- Morse SA, Johnson SR, Biddle JW, Roberts MC. High-level tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is result of acquisition of streptococcal tetM determinant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 30: 664–670, 1986
- Ison CA, Terry P, Bindaya K, Gill MJ, Adams J, Woodford N. Tetracycline-resistant gonococci in UK. Lancet 1: 651–652, 1988
- van Klingeren B, Dessens-Kroon M., Verheuvel M. Increased tetracycline resistance in gonococci in the Netherlands. Lancet 2: 1278, 1989
- Reyn A, Schmidt H, Trier M, Bentzon MW. Spectinomycin hydrochloride (Trobicin) in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Observation of resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Br J Vener Dis 49: 54–59, 1973
- Ashford WA, Potts DW, Adams HJU, English JC, Johnson SR, Biddle JW, Thornsberry C, Jaffe HW. Spectinomycin-resistant penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 2: 1035–1037, 1981
- Boslego JW, Tramont, EC, Takafuji ET, Diniega BM, Mitchell BS, Small JW, Khan WN, Stein DC. Effect of spectinomycin use on the prevalence of spectinomycin-resistant and of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N Engl J Med 317: 272–278, 1987
- Ison CA, Littleton K, Shannon KP, Easmon CSF, Phillips I. Spectinomycin-resistant gonococci. Br Med J 287: 1827–1829, 1983
- WHO Scientific Group. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal infections. WHO Tech Rep Ser 616: 1–412, 1978
- Centers for Disease Control. Antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Policy guidelines for detection, management, and control. MMWR Supplement 36/5S: 1–18, 1987
- The Public Health Laboratory Service Disease Surveillance and the Communicable Diseases (Scotland Unit). Penicillinase-producing gonococci in Britain, 1983. Br Med J 288: 1746, 1984
- Bollerup AC, Reimann K. Penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Denmark 1981–1988. Prevalence, geographic origin of infections and plasmid profiles. Abstract. 8th Meeting of the ISSTDR, Copenhagen, 10–13 September 1989
- Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (Co-ordinator JW Tapsall). Penicillin sensitivity of gonococci isolated in Australia, 1981–6. Genitourin Med 64: 147–151, 1988
- Osoba AO. Overview of penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Africa. Afr J STD, October: 51–64, 1986
- Wagenvoort JHT, van Rijsoort-Vos JH, Kluijtmans JAJ, Kieskamp MJ, Stolz E, Michel MF. Trends in gonococcal resistance to antibiotics in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1975–86. Genitourin Med 63: 244–245, 1987
- Peeters M, Frost EH, Collet M, Ossari S, Yvert F, Ivanoff B. Changing antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Franceville, Gabon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31: 1288–1290, 1987
- Lind I, Arborio M, Bentzon MW, Buisson Y, Guibourdenche M, Reimann K, Riou J-Y. The epidemiology of gonorrhoea in Dakar, Sénégal: Antimicrobial resistance, auxotypes and plasmid profiles of N. gonorrhoeae isolates 1982–1986. Abstract, Sixth International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference, Georgia, U.S.A., October 16–21, 1988
- Evans AJ, Morrison GD, Price DJ. Prolonged use of the Greenland method of treatment of gonorrhoea. Br J Vener Dis 56: 88–91, 1980
References
- Mårdh PA, Paavonen J. Chlamydiainfektion hos kvinnan. Allvarliga sequelae kräver diagnostisk skärpa. Medicinsk kommentar. Läkartidningen 86: 1673–1677, 1989
- Mårdh PA, Weström L. Tubal and cervical cultures in acute salpingitis with special reference to Mycoplasma hominis and T-strain Mycoplasma. Br J Vener Dis 46: 179–186, 1970
- Holst E, Mårdh PA. Mobiluncus mulieris and Mobiluncus curtisii at genital and extra-genital sites. 3rd Eur Congr of Clin Microbiol, The Hague, May 10–14, p. 39, 1987
- Weström L. Decrease in incidence of women treated in hospital for acute salpingitis in Sweden. Genitourin Med 64: 59–63, 1988
- Weström L, Mårdh PA. Acute salpingitis. In Holmes KK, Mårdh PA, Sparling F, Wiesner P , eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990
- Mårdh PA, Weström L, Colleen S, Wölner-Hansen P. Sampling specimen handling and isolation techniques in diagnosis of chlamydial and other genital infection. Sex Transm Dis 8: 280–286, 1981
- Paavonen J, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, Stevens CE, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Miettinen A, Souks M, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152: 280–286, 1985
- Lehtinen M, Laine S, Heinonen PK, Teisala K, Miettinen A, Punnonen R, Grönroos P, Paavonen J. Serum C-reactive protein in acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154: 158–159, 1986
- Paavonen J, Miettunen A, Heinonen PK, Aaran RK, Teisala K, Aine R, Punnonen R, Laine S, Kallioniemi OP, Lehtinen M. Serum CA 125 in acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Br J Obstet Gynecol. In press.
- Weström L, Skude G, Mårdh PA. Amylases of the genital tract. II. Peritoneal fluid isoamylases in acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 657–660, 1976
- Fryksmark U, Mårdh PA, Ohlsson K, Svensson L. Antileukoprotease in women with cervicitis and acute salpingitis. Fifth Meeting of the ISSTDR, August 3–7, Seattle, Washington, p. 219, 1983
- Treharne JD, Ripa KT, Mårdh PA, Svensson L, Weström L, Darougar S. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. Br J Vener Dis 55: 26–29, 1979
- Weström L, Bengtsson LP, Mårdh PA. Incidence, trends, and risks of ectopic pregnancy in a defined population of women. Br Med J 282: 15–18, 1981
- Bengtsson LP, Mårdh PA, Weström L. “Spiraler” och akut salpingit (Loops and acute salpingitis). Läkartidningen 74: 26–28, 1977
- Sv Läk Sällsk Handl. Kan risken for genitalinfektion hos spiralbärare undvikas om trådarna förs upp i uterus vid sprialanvändningen? Hygiea 97: 1; 261, 1988
- Wölner-Hansen P, Svensson L, Mårdh PA, Weström L. Laparoscopic findings and contraceptive use in women with signs and symptoms suggestive of acute salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 66: 223–238, 1985
- Mårdh PA, Wölner-Hansen P. Periappendicitis and chlamydial salpingitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 160: 304–306, 1985
- Wölner-Hansen P, Weström L, Mårdh PA. Perihepatitis in chlamydial salpingitis. Lancet i: 901–904, 1980
- Müller-Schoop JW, Wang SP, Munziger J, Schläpfer HU, Knoblauch M, Amman RW. Chlamydia trachomatis as possible cause of peritonitis and perihepatitis in young women. Br Med J I: 1022–1024, 1978
- Brihmer C. Studies on salpingitis. Diagnosis, etiology and therapeutical basis. Avhandling, Stockholm, 1988
- Louv WC, Austin H, Alexander WJ, Stagno S, Cheeks JA. Clinical trial of nonoxynol-9 for preventing gonococcal and chlamydial infections. J Infect Dis 158: 518–523, 1988
- Rosenberg MJ, Feldblum PJ, Rojanapithayakoin W, Sawasdivoin W. The contraceptive sponge's protection against Clamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Dis 14: 147–152, 1987
- Edgardh K, Grillner L, Persson E. Prevalence of chlamydial infections and condylomas related to condom use among female teen-agers in Stockholm, visiting open house youth clinic. Abstract presented at VI Meeting of SSGM, Örebro, September 29–October 1, 1988
- Danielsson D, Forslin L, Kjellander J. Vilket tetracyclinpreparat bör väljas? Läkartidningen 83: 382–383, 1986
- Mårdh PA, Colleen S. Doxycycline in prostatic secretion do not reach serum levels. Abstract. In: Abstracts of Conf on Therapy of Prostatitis. Experimental and Clinical Data. Giessen/Bad Neuheim, September 5–7, p. 36, 1985
References
- Osoba AO, (ed). Sexually transmitted diseases in the tropics. London: Baillière Tindall, 248 pp., 1987
- Piot P, Mann JM, (eds). AIDS and HIV infection in the tropics. London, Baillière Tindall, 171 pp., 1988
- Rozenheim M, Itona-Ngaporo A. SIDA. Infection à VIH aspects en zône tropicale. Paris, Ellipses, 336 pp., 1989
- Piot P, Plummer FA, Mhalu FS, Lamboray JL, Chin J, Mann JM. AIDS: An international perspective. Science 239: 573–579, 1988
- Meheus A. Gonorrhoea. In: Osoba AO, ed. Sexually transmitted diseases in the tropics. London: Baillière Tindall, 17–31, 1987
- Piot P, Holmes KK. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Warren K, Mahmoud AAF, eds. Tropical and geographical medicine. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989, in press.
- D'Costa LJ, Plummer FA, Bowmer I, Fransen L, Piot P, Ronald AR, Nsanze H. Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 12: 64–67, 1985
- Laga M, Nzila N, Manoka AT, Behets F, Piot P, Ryder R. High prevalence and incidence of HIV and other STD among 801 Kinshasa prostitutes. Abstract, Vth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Phanuphak P, Poshyachinda V, Un-eklabh T, Rojanapithayakorn W. HIV transmission among intravenous drug abusers. Abstract T.G.O.25, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- N'galy B. Difficulties and obstacles for optimal management of AIDs and HIV infection in the developing world. Plenary presentation. V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Carswell JW, Lloyd G. Rise in prevalence of HIV antibodies recorded at an antenatal booking clinic in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS 1: 192–193, 1987
- Rwandan HIV seroprevalence study group. Nationwide community-based serological survey of HIV-1 and other human retrovirus infections in a central African country. Lancet 1: 947–943, 1989
- De Cock KM, Porter A, Moreau J, Diaby L, Odehouri K, Heyward W. Sentinel site surveillance for AIDS in Abidjan, Cöte d'lvoire. Abstract W.G.O.27, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Quinn TC, Zaccharias F, St. John R. AIDS in the Americas. An emerging public health crisis. N Engl J Med 320: 1005–1007, 1989
- Piot P, Caraël M. Epidemiological and sociological aspects of HIV infection in developing countries. Br Med Bull 44: 68–88, 1988
- Muir DG, Belsey MA. PID and its consequences in the developing world. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 138: 913–928, 1980
- Plummer FA, Laga M, Brunham RC . Postpartum upper genital tract infections in Nairobi, Kenya: Epidemiology, etiology and risk factors. J Infect Dis 156: 92–97, 1987
- Meheus A, Reniers J, Collet M . Chlamydia trachomatis in women with acute salpingitis and infertility in Central Africa. In: Oriel D, Ridgway G, Schachter J , eds. Chlamydial infections. Cambridge University Press, 201, 1986
- De Muylder X, Laga M, Tennstedt C, Van Dyck E, Piot P. Role of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in salpingitis and its sequelae in Zimbabwe. Submitted.
- Perine PL, Duncan MA, Krauze DW . Pelvic inflammatory diseases and puerperal sepsis in Ethiopia. 1. Ethiology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138: 969, 1980
- Ratnam AV, Din SN, Catterjee TK. Gonococcal infection in women with PID in Lusaka, Zambia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138: 965, 1980
- Cates W, Farley TMM, Rowe PJ. Worldwide patterns of infertility: Is Africa different? Lancet 2: 596–598, 1985
- Urquhart J. Effect of the venereal disease epidemic on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. Implications for the evaluation of contraceptives. Contraception 19: 455–480, 1979
- Hira SK, Hira RS. Congenital syphilis. In: Osoba AO, ed. STD in the tropics. London: Baillière Tindall, 113, 1987
- Friedman PS, Wright DJM. Observations on syphilis in Addis Ababa. 2. Prevalence and natural history. Br J Ven Dis 53: 276, 1977
- Mabey DC. Syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J Sex Transm Dis 3: 61, 1986
- Laga M, Plummer FA, Nsanze H . Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya. Lancet 2: 1145, 1986
- Fransen L, Nsanze H, Klauss V, Van der Stuyft P, D'Costa L, Brunham RC, Piot P. Ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya: The roles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis 153: 862–869, 1986
- Kesteleyn P, Bogaerts J, Meheus A. Gonorrheal keratoconjunctivitis in African adults. Sex Transm Dis 14: 191–194, 1987
- Ryder R, Nsa W, Hassig S . Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire. N Engl J Med 320: 1637–1642, 1989
- Manzilla T, Baende E, Kabagabo U, Paquot E, Colebunders R, Ryder R. Inability to demonstrate a dose–response effect between receipt of mother's milk and perinatally acquired infection in a cohort of 114 infants born to HIV (+) mothers. Abstract W.G.O.1 V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Valleroy LA, Harris JA, Way PO. The impact of HIV infection on child survival in Africa. Abstract W.G.P.7, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Selwyn PA, Schoenbaum EE, Davenny K, Robertson VJ, Feingold AR, Shulman JF, Mayers MM, Klein RS, Friedland GH, Rogers MF. Prospective study of HIV infection and pregnancy outcomes in intravenous drug users. JAMA 261: 1289–1294, 1989
- Blanche S, Rouzioux C, Guihart Moscato M-L . A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for HIV-1. N Engl J Med 320: 1643–1648, 1989
- Temmerman M, Mirza N, Plummer F, Ndinya-Achola JO, Wamola I, Piot P. HIV infection as a risk factor for poor obstetrical outcome. Abstract Th.G.O.53, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Piot P, Meheus A. Epidémiologie des maladies sexuellement transmissibles dans les pays en développement. Ann Soc Belge Méd Trop 63: 87–110, 1983
- Mabey D. Aetiology of genital ulceration in the Gambia. Genitourin Med 63: 312–314, 1987
- Nsanze H, Fast M, D'Costa LJ . Genital ulcer in Kenya: A clinical and laboratory study of 100 patients. Br J Vener Dis 57: 378–381, 1981
- Taylor DN, Duangmani C, Suvongse C . The role of Haemophilus ducreyi in penile ulcerations in Bangkok, Thailand. Sex Transm Dis 11: 148–152, 1984
- Vacca K, MacMillan LL. Anogenital lesions in women in Papua New Guinea. Papua N Guin Med J 23: 70–73, 1980
- Plummer FA, D'Costa LJ, Nsanze H . Epidemiology of chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 2: 1293, 1983
- Piot P, Laga M. Genital ulcers and other sexually transmitted diseases as cofactors for the sexual transmission of HIV. Br Med J 298: 623–624, 1989
- Moreno JG, Dillon JR, Assoyave R . Identification of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae during clinical and microbiological study of gonococcal susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Genitourin Med 63: 6–10, 1987
- Bogaerts J, Vandepitte J, Van Dyck E, Van Hoof R, Piot P. In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae in Rwanda. Genitourin Med 62: 217–220, 1986
- Plummer FA, D'Costa LJ, Nsanze H . Development of endemic penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Kenya. In: Schoolnick GK, ed. The pathogenic Neisseriae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 101–104, 1985
- Centers for Disease Control Spectinomycin-resistant penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeaeCalifornia. MMWR 30: 221–228, 1981
- Ashford WA, Potts DW, Adamas HJU . Spectinomycin resistant penicillinase-producting Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 2: 1035–1037, 1981
- Van Dyck E, Rosseau R, Duhamel M, Behets F, Laga M, Van Heuverswijn H, Piot P. Antimicrobial sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zaire: High level plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in Africa. Submitted.
- Maclean IW, Bowden GHW, Albritton WL. TEM-type β-lactamase production in Haemophilus ducreyi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17: 897–904, 1980
- Plummer FA, Nsaze H, D'Costa LJ . Single-dose therapy of chancroid with trimethoprim-sulfametrole. N Engl J Med 309: 67–73, 1983
- Taylor DN, Pitarangsi C, Echeverria P . Comparative study of ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of chancroid in Thailand. J Infect Dis 152: 1002–1007, 1985
- Pepin J, Plummer FA, Brunham RC, Piot P, Cameron DW, Ronald AR. The interaction of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases: An opportunity for intervention. AIDS 3: 3–10, 1989
- World Healthy Organization. Consensus statement from consultation on sexually transmitted diseases as a risk factor for HIV transmission. WHO/GPA/INF/89.1, 1989
- Plummer FA, Cameron W, Simonsen N . Cofactors in male–female transmission of HIV. Abstract 4554, IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1988
- Cameron W, D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Plummer FA. Incidence and risk factors for female to male transmission of HIV. Abstract 4061, IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1988
- Johns DR, Tierney M, Flesenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with HIV. N Engl J Med 316: 1569–1572, 1987
- Berry CD, Hooton TM, Collier AC, Lukehart SA. Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 316: 1587–1589, 1987
- Cameron DW, Plummer FA, D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ronald AR. Prediction of HIV infection by treatment failure for chancroid, a genital ulcer disease. IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, 1988
- Taylor PE, Stevens LE, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Rubinstein P. Hepatitis B virus and HIV: Possible interactions. In: AJ Zuckerman, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R. Liss, 198–200, 1988
- Feingold AR, Vermund SH, Burk RD, Kelley KF, Schrager LK, Klein RS. HIV infection increases the frequency and severity of papillomavirus induced cervical cytologic abnormalities. Abstract Th.A.P.104, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989
- Holmes KK, Kreiss JK. Heterosexual transmisson of human immunodeficiency virus: Overview of a neglected aspect of the AIDS epidemic. J AIDS 1: 602–610, 1989
References
- Herz B, Measham AR. Safe motherhood initiative. Proposals for actions. Safe Motherhood International Conference, Nairobi, 1987
- Belsey MA. The epidemiology of infertility: A review with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa. Bull WHO 54: 319–341, 1976
- Modawi O. Infertility in the sub-Saharan Africa with special reference to Sudan. Khartoum: Ministry of Health, 1976
- Adadevoh BK. Subfertility and infertility in Africa. Ibadan: Caxton Press, 1974
- Chatfield WR, Suter PEN, Bremer AD, Edwards E, McAdam JH. The investigation and management of infertility in East Africa. A prospective study of 200 cases. East Afr Med J 47: 212–216, 1970
- Mabey DCW, Ogbaselassie G, Robertson JN, Heckels JE, Ward ME. Tubal infertility in the Gambia: Chlamydial and gonococcal serology in women with tubal occlusion compared with pregnant controls. Bull WHO 63: 1107–1113, 1985
- Mati JK, Harrison A, Wright CS. A second look into the problems of primary infertility in Kenya. East Afr Med J 50:94–97, 1973
- Hartford SL, Silva PD, diZerega GS, Yonekura ML. Serologic evidence of prior chlamydial infection in patients with tubal ectopic pregnancy and contralateral tubal disease. Fertil Steril 47: 118–123, 1987
- Schulz KF, Cates W, O'Mara PR. Pregnancy loss, infant death and suffering; Legacy of syphilis and gonorrhoea in Africa. Genitourin Med 63: 320–325, 1987
- Munday PE, Porter R, Falder PF, Carder JM, Holliman R, Lewis BV, Taylor-Robinson D. Spontaneous abortion—an infectious etiology? Br J Obstet Gynecol 91: 1177–1180, 1984
- Grönroos M, Honkonen E, Terho P, Punonen R. Cervical and serum IgA and serum IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus in threatening abortion: A prospective study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 90: 167–170, 1983
- Hutto C, Arvin A, Jacobs R, Steele R, Stagno S, Lyrene R, Willett L, Powell D, Andersen R, Werthammer J. Intrauterine herpes simplex virus infections. J Pediatr 110: 97–101, 1987
- Bendon RW, Perez F, Ray MB. Herpes simplex virus: Fetal and decidual infection. Pediatr Pathol 7: 63–70, 1987
- Ross SM, Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 9: 565–592, 1982
- Wong SY, Gray ES, Buxton D, Finlayson J, Johnson FW. Acute placentitis and spontaneous abortion caused by Chlamydia psittaci of sheep origin: A histological and ultrastructural study. J Clin Pathol 38: 707–711, 1985
- Mårdh PA, Johansson PJH, Svenningsen N. Intrauterine lung infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in a premature infant. Acta Pediatr Scand 73: 569–572, 1984
- Naeye RL, Blanc WA. Unfavourable outcome of pregnancy: Repeated losses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 1133–1137, 1973
- Tafari N, Ljungh-Wadström Å. Consequences of amniotic fluid infection: Early neonatal septicemia. Excerpta Medica, Sept 1980, 55–67
- Sinclair-Smith C, Woods D, Harrison T. Amniotic fluid infections in full term deliveries. S Afr Med J 58: 31, 1978
- Naeye RT, Tafari N. Risk factors in pregnancy and diseases of the fetus and the newborn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1983
- Quinn PA, Butani J, Chipman M, Taylor J, Hannah W. A prospective study of microbial infection in stillbirth and early neonatal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151: 238–249, 1985
- Skjeldestad FE, Dalen A. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the cervix of puerperal women and its consequences for the outcome of pregnancy. Scand J Prim Health Care 4: 209–212, 1986
- Martin DH, Koutsky L, Eschenbach DA, Daling JR, Alexander ER, Benedetti JK, Holmes KK. Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. JAMA 247: 1585–1588, 1982
- Petros-Barvazian A, Béhar M. Low birth-weight—a major global problem. In: Sterky G, Mellander L, eds.Birth-weight distribution—an indicator of social development. SAREC report No./R2, 1978, p. 9.
- Schaefer C, Harrison HR, Boyce WT, Lewis M. Illnesses in infants born to women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Am J Dis Contr 139: 127–133, 1985
- Schachter J, Grossman M, Sweet RL, Holt J, Jordan C, Bishop E. Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. JAMA 255: 3374–3377.
- Yvert F, Frost E, Walter P, Gass R, Ivanoff B. Prepartal infection of the placenta with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genitourin Med 61: 103–105, 1985
- Alexander ER, Harrison HR. Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in perinatal infection. Rev Infect Dis 5: 713–719, 1983
- Toth M, Witkin SSS, Ledger W, Thaler H. The role of infection in the etiology of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 71: 723–726, 1988
- Martius J, Crohn MA, Hillier SL, Stamm WE, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA. Relationships of vaginal lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis to preterm, birth. Obstet Gynecol 71: 89–95, 1988
- Sterky G, Mellander L. Birth-weight distribution—an indicator of social development. SAREC report No./R2, 1978
- Maine D. Prevention of maternal mortality in developing countries. Safe Motherhood International Conference, Nairobi, 1987
- Bentsi C, Klufio CA, Perine PL, Bell TA, Cles LD, Koester CM, Wang SP. Genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Ghanaian women. Genitourin Med 61: 48–50, 1985
- Alexander ER, Harrison HR. Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in perinatal infection. Rev Infect Dis 5: 713–719, 1983
- Plummer FA, Laga M, Brunham RC, Piot P, Ronald AR, Bhullar V, Mati JY, Ndinya-Achola JO, Cheang M, Nsanze H. Postpartum upper genital tract infections in Nairobi, Kenya: Epidemiology, etiology and risk factors. J Infect Dis 156: 92–98, 1987
- Berman SM, Harrison HR, Boyce WT, Haffner WJ, Lewis M, Arthur JB. Low birth-weight, prematurity and postpartum endometritis. Association with prenatal cervical mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. JAMA 257: 1189–1194, 1987
- Alger LS, Lovchik JC, Hebel JR, Blackmon LR, Crenshaw MC. The association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of the membranes and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159: 3967–3971, 1988
- Appelbaum PC, Holloway Y, Ross SM, Dhupelia I. The effect of amniotic fluid on bacterial growth in three population groups. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 868–871, 1977
- Elbagir AN. Correlation between antichlamydial and antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid. Thesis (Mast Med Sci, University of Uppsala, 1988).
- Tan KL. Intrauterine infections. Ann Acad Med Singapore 16: 707–712, 1987
- Greenfield C, Osidiana V, Karayiannis P, Galpin S, Musoke R, Jowett TP, Mati P, Tukei PM, Thomas HC. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Kenya: Its relation to the presence of serum HBV-DNA and anti-HBe in the mother. J Med Virol 19: 135–142, 1986
- Lee SD, Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Wu JC, Wu TC, Yang ZL, Ng HT. Role of cesarean section in prevention of mother–infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 2: 833–834, 1988
- Marinier E, Barroies V, Larouze B, London WT, Cofer A, Diakhate L, Blumberg BS. Lack of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Senegal, West Africa. J Pediatr 106: 843–849, 1985
- Pavel A, Tirsia E, Maior E, Cristea A. Detrimental effects of hepatitis B virus infection on the development of the product of conception. Virologie 34: 35–40, 1983
- Axemo P, Liljestrand J, Bergström S. Causes of stillbirth in Maputo, Mozambique. In: Liljestrand J. Maternal morbidity in Mozambique. Thesis, University of Uppsala, 1985
- Naeye RL, Tafari N, Judge D, Gilmore D, Marboe C. Amniotic fluid infections in an African city. J Pediatr 90: 965–970, 1977
- Ross SM, MacPherson PA, Naeye RL, Khatree MHD, Wallace JA. Causes of fetal and neonatal mortality in a South African black community. S Afr Med J 61: 905–908, 1982
- Naeye RL, Tafari N. Risk factors in pregnancy and diseases of fetus and newborn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1983, 82
References
- Beaudenon S, Kremsdorf D, Obalek S, Jablonska S, Patnau-Arnaudet G, Croissant O, Orth G. Plurality of genital papillomaviruses: Characterization of two new types with distinct biological properties. Virology 161: 374–384, 1987
- Bedell MA, Jones KH, Laimins LA. The E6 and E7 region of human papillomavirus type 18 is sufficient for transformation of NIH 3T3 and Rat-1 cells. J Virol 61: 3635–3640, 1987
- Boshardt M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, Kleinheinz A, Scheurlen W, zur Hausen H. A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer and in cell lines derived from genital cancer. EMBO J 3: 1151–1157, 1984
- de Villiers E-M, Gissmann L, zur Hausen H. Molecular cloning of viral DNA from human genital warts. J Virol 40: 932–935, 1981
- de Villiers, E-M, Wagner, D, Schneider A, Wesch H, Micklaw H, Wahrendorf J, Papendick U, zur Hausen H. Human papillomavirus infections in women with and without abnormal cervical cytology. Lancet II, S1 703–706, 1986
- de Villiers E-M. Heterogeneity of the human papillomavirus group. J Virol 63: 4898–4903, 1989
- Dürst, M, Gissman L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H. A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci US 80: 3812–2815, 1983
- Dürst M, Kleinheinz A, Hotz M, Gissmann L. The physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in benign and malignant genital tumours. J Gen Virol 66: 1515–1522, 1985
- Dürst M, Dzarlieva-Petrusevska, RT, Boukamp P, Fusenig, NE, Gissmann L. Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of immortalized human primary keratinocytes obtained after transfection with human papillomavirus type 16 DNA. Oncogene 1: 251–256, 1987
- Gissmann L, zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses: Physical mapping and genetic heterogeneity. Proc Natl Acad Sci US 73: 1310–1313, 1976
- Gissmann L, zur Hausen H. Partial characterization of viral DNA from human gential warts (condylomata acuminata). Int J Cancer 25: 605–609, 1980
- Gissmann L, Pfister H, zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses (HPV): Characterization of four different isolates. Virology 76: 569–580, 1977
- Gissmann L, Diehl V, Schultz-Coulon H, zur Hausen H. Molecular cloning and characterization of human papillomavirus DNA from a laryngeal papilloma. A Virol 44: 393–400, 1982
- Heilmann, CA, Law, M-F, Israel MA, Howley PM. Cloning of human papillomavirus genomic DNAs and analysis of homologous polynucleotide sequences. J Virol 36: 395–407, 1980
- Kreider, J, Howett M, Wolfe SA, Bartlett G, Zaino R, Sedlacek T, Mortel R. Morphological transformation in vivo of human uterine cervix with papillomavirus from condylomata acuminata. Nature 317: 639–641, 1985
- Lehn H, Krieg P, Sauer G. Papillomavirus genomes in human cervical tumors: Analysis of their transcriptional activity. Proc. Natl Acad Sci US 82: 5540–5544, 1985
- Lorincz, AT, Lancaster WD, Kurman RJ, Jenson AB, Temple GF. Characterization of human papillomaviruses in cervical neoplasias and their detection in routine clinical screening. In: Peto R, zur Hausen H, eds.Viral etiology of cervical cancer. Banbury Report 21, Cold Spring Harbor lab. Press, pp. 225–237, 1986
- Matlaschewski G, Schneider J, Baaks L, Jones N, Murray A, Crawford L. Human papillomavirus type 16 cooperates with activated ras in transforming primary cells. EMBO J 6: 1741–1746, 1987
- McCance DJ, Kopan R, Fuchs E, Laimins LA. Human papillomavirus type 16 alters human epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. Proc. Natl Acad Sci US in press, 1988
- Orth, G. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, a model for understanding the oncogenicity of human papillomaviruses. Ciba Found Symp 120: 157–174, 1986
- Orth G, Favre M, Croissant O. Characterization of two types of human papillomavirus that causes skin warts. J Virol 24: 108–120, 1977
- Orth G, Jablonska S, Fawre M, Croissant O, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G. Characterization of two types of human papillomavirus in lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci US 75: 1537–1541, 1978
- Pirisi L, Yasumoto S, Feller M, Doninger JK, Di Paolo JA. Transformation of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes with human papillomavirus type 16 DNA. J Virol 61, 1061–1066, 1987
- Rösl F, Dürst M, zur Hausen H. Selective suppression of human papillomavirus transcription in non-tumorigenic cells by 5-azacytidine. EMBO J 7: 1321–1328, 1988
- Saxon PJ, Scrivatsan, ES, Stanbridge EJ. Introduction of human chromosome 11 via microcell transfer controls tumorigenic expression of HeLa cells. EMBO J 5:3461–3466, 1986
- Schwarz E, Freese UK, Gissmann L, Mayer W, Roggenbuck B, Stremlau A, zur Hausen H. Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells. Nature 314: 111–114, 1985
- Spalholz, BA, Yang Y-C, Howley PM. Transactivation of bovine papillomavirus transcriptional regulatory element by the E2 gene product. Cell 42: 183–191, 1985
- Stanbridge EJ. Suppression of malignancy in human cells. Nature 260: 17–20, 1976
- Stanbridge, EJ, Der CJ, Doersen C-J, Nishini RY, Pechl, DM, Weissman BE, Wilkinson JE. Human cell hybrids: Analysis of transformation and tumorgenicity. Science 215, 252–254, 1982
- von Knebel-Doeberitz M, Oltersdorf T, Schwarz E, Gissmann L. Correlation to modified human papillomavirus early gene expression with altered growth properties in C4-I cervical carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 48: 3780–3786, 1988
- zur Hausen H. Condylomata acuminata and human genital cancer. Cancer Res 36: 530, 1976
- zur Hausen H. Cell-virus gene balance hypothesis of carcinogenesis. Behring Inst Mitt 61: 23–30, 1977
- zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses and their possible role in squamous cell carcinomas. Current Topics Microbiol 78: 1–30, 1977
- zur Hausen H. Human genital cancer: Synergism between two virus infections or synergism between a virus infection and initiating events? Lancet ii: 1370–1372, 1982
- zur Hausen H. Intracellular surveillance of persisting viral infections: Humangenital cancer results from deficient cellular control of papillomavirus gene expression. Lancet ii: 489–491, 1986
- zur Hausen H, Schneider A. The role of papillomaviruses in human anogenital cancer. In: Salzman NP, Howley PM, eds.The Papovaviridae. New York and London. Plenum Press, 245–263, 1987
- zur Hausen H, Meinhof W, Scheiber W, Bornkamm GW. Attempts to detect virus-specific DNA sequences in human tumors. I. Nucleic acid hybridization with complementary RNA of human wart virus. Int J Cancer 13: 650–656, 1974
- zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses as carcinomaviruses. In: Klein G, ed.Tumorigenic DNA viruses. Raven Press, Vol 8, 1–26, 1989
References
- Roizman B, Batterson W. Herpesviruses and their replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Melnick JL, Chanock RM, Roizman B, Shope RE, eds. Virology. New York: Raven Press, 497–526, 1985
- Rock DL, Frazer NW. Detection of HSV-1 genome in central nervous system of latently infected mice. Nature 302: 523–525, 1983
- Rock DL, Fraser NW. Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA contains two copies of the virion DNA joint region. J Virol 55: 849–852, 1985
- Goodpasture EW, Teague O. The transmission of the virus of herpes febrilis along sensory nerves with resulting unilateral lesions of the central nervous system in the rabbit. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 20: 545–547, 1923
- Widly P. The progression of herpes simplex virus to the central nervous system of the mouse. J Hyg 65: 173–179, 1967
- Kristensson K, Lycke E, Sjöstrand J. Spread of herpes simplex virus in peripheral nerves. Acta Neuropathol 17: 44–53, 1971
- Cook ML, Bastone VB, Stevens JG. Evidence that neurons harbor latent herpes simplex virus. Infect Immun 9: 946–957, 1974
- Scriba M, Tatzber F. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus infections in guinea pigs. Infect Immun 34: 655–661, 1981
- Clements GB, Subak-Sharpe JH. Herpes simplex type 2 establishes latency in the mouse footpad. J Gen Virol 69: 375–383, 1988
- WuDunn D, Spear PG. Initial interaction of herpes simplex virus with cells is binding to heparan sulphate. J Virol 63: 52–58, 1989
- Lycke E, Hamark B, Johansson M, Krotochwil A, Lycke J, Svennerholm B. Herpes simplex virus infection of the human sensory neuron. An electron microscopy study. Arch Virol 101: 87–104, 1988
- Fuller O, Spear PG. Antiglycoprotein D antibodies that permit adsorption but block infection by herpes simplex virus 1 prevent virion-cell fusion at the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84: 5454–5458, 1987
- Kristensson, K, Lycke E, Röyttä M, Svennerholm B, Vahlne A. Neuritic transport of herpes simplex virus in rat sensory neurons in vitro. Effects of substances interacting with microtubular function and axonal flow (nocodazole, taxol and erythro-9-3-(2-hydroxynonyl)adenine). J Gen Virol 67: 2023–2028, 1986
- Thompson RL, Cook M, Devi-Rao GB, Wagner EK, Stevens JG. Functional and molecular analyses of the avirulent wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 strain KOS. J Virol 58: 203–211, 1986
- Day SP, Lausch RN, Oakes JE. Evidence that the gene for herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase accounts for the capacity of an intertypic recombinant to spread from eye to central nervous system. Virology, 163: 166–173, 1988
- Meigner B, Longnecker R, Mavromara-Nazos P, Sears AE, Roizman B. Virulence of and establishment of latency by genetically engineered deletion mutants of herpes simplex virus 1. Virology, 162: 251–254, 1988
- Watson K, Stevens JG, Cook ML, Subak-Sharpe JH. Latency competence of thirteen HSV-1 temperature sensitive mutants. J Gen Virol 49: 149–159, 1980
- Tenser RB, Miller RL, Rapp F. Trigeminal ganglion infection by thymidine kinase-negative mutants of herpes simplex virus. Science 205: 915–917, 1979
- Hill JM, Sedarati F, Javier RT, Stevens JG, Beijer CF, Wagner EK. The transcript(s) arising from the herpes simplex virus latency associated transcript (LAT) encoding region facilitates reactivation from the latent state. 14th International Herpesvirus Workshop. Abstract 48. Nyborg Strand, Denmark, August 21–26, 1989
- Wagner EK, Devi-Rao P, Feldman LT, Dobson AT, Zhang Y, Flanagan WM, Stevens JG. Physical characterization of the herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript in neurons. J Virol 62: 1194–1202, 1988
- Rock DL, Feam SL, Mayfmeld JE. Mapping bovine herpesvirus type 1 latency-related RNA in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected rabbits. J Virol 61: 3827–3831, 1987
- Wechsler SL, Nesburn AB, Zwangstra J, Ghiasi H. Sequence of the latency-related gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology, 168: 168–172, 1989
- Goins WF, Sternberg LR, Fink DJ, Levine M, Glorioso JC. Characterization and expression of the herpes simplex virus latency specific promoter in neuronal tissue. 14th International Herpesvirus Workshop. Abstract 86. Nyborg Strand, Denmark, August 21–26, 1989
- Wechsler SL, Zwaagstra J, Ghiasi H, Nesburn AB. Promoter activity associated with the latency associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. 14th International Herpesvirus Workshop. Abstract 91. Nyborg Strand, Denmark, August 21–26, 1989
- Vahlne A, Nilheden E, Svennerholm B. Multiplicity activation of herpes simplex virus in mouse neuroblastoma (C1300) cells. Arch Virol 70: 345–356, 1981
- Nilheden E, Jeansson S, Vahlne A. Amplification of herpes simplex virus resistance in mouse neuroblastoma (C1300) cells. Arch Virol 83: 269–283, 1981
- Deshmane SL, Fraser NW. During latency, herpes simplex type 1 DNA is associated with nucleosomes in a chromatic structure. J Virol 63: 943–947, 1989
- Dressler GR, Rock DL, Fraser NW. Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is not extensively methylated in vivo. J Gen Virol 68: 1761–1765, 1987
- Hill T. Herpes simplex virus latency. In: Roizman B, ed. The herpesviruses, vol. 3. New York and London: Plenum Press, 175–240, 1985
- Wilcox CL, Johnson EM. Characterization of nerve growth factor-dependent herpes simplex virus latency in neurons in vitro. J Virol 62: 393–399, 1988
- Watts PA, Blyth WA. A role for NGF in modulating herpes simplex virus infection in sensory neurons in vivo? 14th International Herpesvirus Workshop. Abstract 63. Nyborg Strand, Denmark, August 21–26, 1989
- Bergström T, Lycke E. Neuroinvasion by herpes simplex virus. An in vitro model for characterization of neurovirulent strains. J Gen Virol 71: 405–410, 1990
References
- Maynard JE, Kane MA, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Control of hepatitis B by immunization: Global perspectives. In: Zuckerman AJ. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 967–969, 1988
- Sobeslavsky O. HBV as a global problem. In: Vyas GN, Cohen SN, Schmid R eds. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute Press, 347–355, 1978
- Michel M, Tiollais P. Structure and expression of the hepatitis B virus genome. Hepatology 7: 61S–63S, 1987
- Miller RH, Kaneko S, Chung CT, Girones R, Purcell RH. Compact organization of the hepatitis B virus genome. Hepatology 9: 322–327, 1989
- Szmuness J, Mason WS. Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B-like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell 29: 403–415, 1982
- Robinson WS, Miller RH, Marion PL. Hepadnaviruses and retroviruses share genome homology and features of replication. Hepatology 7: 64S–73S, 1987
- Neurath AR, Kent SB. The pre-S region of hepadnavirus envelope proteins. In: Maramorosh K, Murphy A, Shatkin AJ. Advances in virus research. New York: Academic Press, 34: 65–142, 1988
- Anonymous. The pre-S2 region of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 9: 328–330, 1989
- Shafritz DA, Raimondo G, Liberman HM, Burke RD, Hadziyannis SJ, Will H, Kew MC, Duskeiko GM. Molecular biology of hepatocellular carcinoma HBV DNA molecular forms and viral gene products in human liver tissue. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 731–736, 1988
- Möröy T, Marchio A, Etiemble J, de Thé H, Buendia M-A, Tiollais P, Dejean A. Two different mechanisms for hepatitis B virus induced hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 737–745, 1988
- Nordenfelt E, Lindholm T, Löfgren B, Moestrup T, Reinicke V. Different categories of chronic HBsAg carriers: A long term follow up. In: Szmuness W, Alter HJ, Maynard JE, eds. Viral hepatitis: 1981 International symposium. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press, 237–242, 1982
- Hoofnagle JH, Alter HJ. Chronic viral hepatitis. In: Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoofnagle JH, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Grune and Stratton, 97–113, 1984
- Reddi G, Alberti A, Rugge M. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to anti HBe in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 79: 195–199, 1980
- Negro F, Chiaberge E, Oliviero S, Hammer M, Berninger M, Canese MG, Bonino F. Hepatitis B virus DNA in anti-HBe positive sera. Liver 4: 117–123, 1984
- Hansson BG, Lind G, Weiland O, Glanman H, von Sydow M, Nordenfelt E. Long term follow up of 60 patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B virus DNA in serum evaluated to the hepatitis B e-system and presence of delta superinfection. Liver 6: 292–296, 1986
- Rizzetto M. The delta agent. Hepatology 3: 729–737, 1983
- Bonino F, Heermann KH, Rizzetto M, Gerlich WH. Hepatitis delta virus: Protein composition of delta antigen and its hepatitis B virus derived envelope. J Virol 58: 945–950, 1986
- Rizzetto M, Verme G, Gerin JL, Purcell RH. Hepatitis delta virus disease. In: Popper H, Shaffner F, eds. Progress in liver disease VIII. New York: Grune and Stratton, 417–413, 1986
- Smedile A, Dentico P, Zanetti A, Sagnelli E, Nordenfelt E, Actis GC, Rizzetto M. Infection with the delta agent in chronic HBsAg carriers. Gastroenterology 81: 992–997, 1981
- Moestrup T, Hansson BG, Widell A, Nordenfelt E. Clinical aspects of delta infection Br Med J 286: 87–90, 1983
- De Cock KM, Govindarajan S, Chin KP, Redecker AG. Delta hepatitis in the Los Angeles area. A report of 126 cases. Ann Int Med 105: 108–114, 1986
References
- Brooks GF, Lammel CJ. Humoral immune response to gonococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S5–S10, 1989
- Cooper MD, Moticka EJ. Cellular immune responses during gonococcal and meningococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S29–S34, 1989
- Catlin BW. Nutritional profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Neisseria lactamica in chemically defined media and the use of growth requirements for gonococcal typing. J Infect Dis 128: 178–194, 1973
- Sarafian SK, Knapp JS. Molecular epidemiology of gonorrhea. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S49–S55, 1989
- Handsfield HH, Lipman TO, Harnisch JP, Tronca E, Holmes KK. Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: Diagnosis, natural course, prevalence and significance. N Engl J Med 290: 117–123, 1974
- Faruki H, Kohmescher RN, McKinney WP, Sparling PF. A community-based outbreak of infection with penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae not producing penicillinase (chromosomally mediated resistance). N Engl J Med 313: 607–611, 1985
- Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Chubb H, Slaney L, Kimate J, Bosire M, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ngugl EN. Epidemiologic evidence for the development of serovar-specific immunity after gonococcal infection. J Clin Invest 83: 1472–1476, 1989
- Meyer TF. Molecular basis of surface antigen variation in Neisseria. Trends Genet 3: 319–324, 1987
- Virji M, Heckels JE. The role of common and type-specific pilus antigenic domains in adhesion and virulence of gonococci for human epithelial cells. J Gen Microbiol 130: 1089–1095, 1984
- Sugasawara RJ, Cannon JG, Black WJ, Nachamkin I, Sweet RL, Brooks GF. Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae attachment to HeLa cells with monoclonal antibody directed against a Protein II. Infect Immun 42: 980–985, 1983
- Swanson J, Robbins K, Barrera O, Corwin D, Boslego J, Biak J, Blake M, Koomey JM. Gonococcal pilin variants in experimental gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med 165: 1344–1357, 1987
- Hagblom P, Segal E, Billyard E, So M. Intragenic recombination leads to pilus antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nature 315: 156–158, 1985
- Schwalbe RS, Sparling PF, Cannon JG. Variation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Protein II among isolates from an outbreak caused by a single gonococcal strain. Infect Immun 49: 250–252, 1985
- Zak K, Diaz J-L, Jackson D, Heckels JE. Antigenic variation during infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Detection of antibodies to surface proteins in sera of patients with gonorrhea. J Infect Dis 149: 166–173, 1984
- Lambden PR, Heckels JE, Watt PJ. Effect of anti-pilus antibodies on survival of gonococci within guinea pig subcutaneous chambers. Infect Immun 38: 27–30, 1982
- Lambden PR, Heckels JE, McBride H, Watt PJ. The identification and isolation of novel pilus types produced by variants of N. gonorrhoeae P9 following selection in vivo. FEMS Microbiol Lett 10: 339–341, 1981
- Heckels JE. Structure and function of pili of pathogenic Neisseria species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S66–S73, 1989
- Rothbard JB, Fernandez R, Wang L, Teng NNH, Schoolnik GK. Antibodies to peptides corresponding to a conserved sequence of gonococcal pilins block bacterial adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 915–919, 1985
- Lambden PR, Heckels JE, James LT, Watt PJ. Variations in surface protein composition associated with virulence properties in opacity types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Gen Microbiol 114: 305–312, 1979
- James JF, Swanson J. Studies on gonococcus infection. XIII. Occurrence of color/opacity colonial variants in clinical cultures. Infect Immun 19: 332–340, 1978
- Meyer TF, van Putten JPM. Genetic mechanisms and biological implications of phase variation in pathogenic neisseriae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S139–S145, 1989
- Meyer TF, Billyard E, Haas R, Storzbach S, So M. Pilus genes of Neisseria gonorrheae: Chromosomal organization and DNA sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 6110–6114, 1984
- Segal E, Hagblom P, Seifert HS, So M. Antigenic variation of gonococcal pilus involves assembly of separated silent gene segments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2177–2181, 1986
- Bergström S, Robbins K, Koomey JM, Swanson J. Piliation control mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2890–2894, 1986
- Koomey JM, Gotschlich EC, Robbins K, Bergström S, Swanson J. Effects of recA mutations on pilus antigenic variation and phase transitions in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genetics 117: 391–398, 1987
- Stern A, Brown M, Nickel P, Meyer TF. Opacity genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Control of phase and antigenic variation. Cell 47: 61–71, 1986
- Connell TD, Black WJ, Kawula TH, Barritt DS, Dempsey JA, Kverneland Jr K, Stephenson A, Schepart BS, Murphy GL, Cannon JF. Recombination among protein II genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae generates new coding sequences and increases structural variability in the protein II family. Mol Microbiol 2: 227–236, 1988
- Taha MK, So M, Seifert HS, Billyard E, Marchal C. Pilin expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is under both positive and negative transcription control. EMBO J 7: 4367–4378, 1988
- Gross R, Arico B, Rappuoli R. Families of bacterial signal-transducing proteins. Mole Microbiol 3: 1661–1667, 1989
- Apicella MA, Shero M, Jarvis GA, Griffiss JM, Mandress RE, Schneider H. Phenotypic variation in epitope expression of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide. Infect Immun 55: 1755–1761, 1987
- Schneider H, Hammack CA, Apicella MA, Griffiss JM. Instability of expression of lipooligosaccharides and their epitopes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 56: 942–946, 1988
- Griffiss JM, Schneider H, Mandress RE, Yamasaki R, Jarvis GA, Kim JJ, Gibson BW, Hamadeh R, Apicella MA. Lipooligosaccharides: The principal glycolipids of the neisserial outer membrane. Rev of Inf Dis 10 ( Supplement 2): S287–S295, 1988
- Schneider H, Griffiss JM, Mandrell RE, Jarvis GA. Elaboration of a 3.6-kilodalton lipooligosaccharide, antibody against which is absent from human sera, is associated with serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoe. Infect Immun 50: 672–677, 1985
- Senior KE, Demarco de Hormaeche R, Jessop HL. Immunication of guinea pigs with epitope C-rich lipopolysaccharide from Neisseria gonorrhoeae; in vivo selection of gonococcal variants. Microb Pathog 6: 251–264, 1989
- Weel JFL, Hopman CTP, van Putten JPM. Stable expression of lipooligosaccharide antigens during attachment, internalization, and intracellular processing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in infected epithelial cells. Infect Immun 57: 3395–3402, 1989
- Weiser JN, Love JM, Moxon ER. The molecular mechanisms of phase variation of H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide. Cell 59: 657–665, 1989
- Mulks MH, Plaut AG. IgA protease production as a characteristic distinguishing pathogenic from harmless neisseriaceae. N Engl J Med 299: 973–976, 1978
- Plaut AG, Gilbert JV, Wistar R Jr. Loss of antibody activity in human immunoglobulin A exposed to extracellular immunoglobulin A proteases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus sanguis. Infect Immun 17: 130–135, 1977
- O'Reilly RJ, Lee L, Welch BG. Secretory IgA antibody response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the genital secretions of infected females. J Infect Dis 133: 113–125, 1976
- Tramont EC. Inhibition of adherence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human genital secretions. J Clin Invest 59: 117–124, 1977
- Jarvis GA, Griffiss JM. Human IgA1 initiates complement-mediated killing of Neisseria Meningitidis. J Immunol 143: 1703–1709, 1989
- Pohlner J, Halter R, Beyreuther K, Meyer TF. Gene structure and extracellular secretion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA protease. Nature 325: 458–462, 1987
- Kornfeld SJ, Plaut AG. Secretory immunity and the bacterial IgA proteases. Rev Infect Dis 3: 521–534, 1981
- Cooper MD, McGee ZA, Mulks MH, Koomey JM, Hindman TL. Attachment to and invasion of human fallopian tube mucosa by an IgA1 protease-deficient mutant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its wild-type parent. J Inf Dis 150: 737–744, 1984
- Koomey JM, Gill RE, Falkow S. Genetic and biochemical analysis of gonococcal IgA1 protease: Cloning in Escherichia coli and construction of mutants of gonococci that fail to produce the activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 7881–7885, 1982
- Plaut AG, Gilbert JV, Artenstein MS, Capra JD. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis: Extracellular enzyme cleaves human immunoglobulin A. Science 190: 1103–1105, 1975
- Sparling PF. Antibody-cleaving Neisseria. N Engl J Med 299: 1011–1012, 1978
- Rice PA. Molecular basis for serum resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S112–S117, 1989
- Rice PA, Kasper DL. Characterization of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that disseminate. J Clin Invest 70: 157–167, 1982
- Harriman GR, Podack ER, Braude AI, Corbeil LC, Esser AF, Curd JG. Activation of complement by serum-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Assembly of the membrane attack complex without subsequent cell death. J Exp Med 156: 1235–1249, 1982
- Joiner KA, Warren KA, Brown EJ, Swanson J, Frank MM. Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. IV. C5b-9 forms high molecular weight complexes with bacterial outer membrane constituents on serum-resistant but not on serum-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Immunol 131: 1443–1451, 1983
- Glynn AA, Ward JE. Nature and heterogeneity of the antigens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae involved in the serum bactericidal reaction. Infect Immun 2: 162–168, 1970
- Schneider H, Griffiss JM, Williams GD, Pier GB. Immunological basis of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Gen Microbiol 128: 13–22, 1982
- Hook EW III, Olsen DA, Buchanan TM. Analysis of the antigen specificity of the human serum immunoglobulin G immune response to complicated gonococcal infection. Infect Immun 43: 706–709, 1984
- Rice PA, Vayo HE, Tam MR, Blake MS. Immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against protein III block killing of serum-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae by immune serum. J Exp Med 164: 1735–1748, 1986
- Gotschlich EC, Seiff M, Blake MS. The DNA sequence of the structural gene of gonococcal protein II and the flanking region containing a repetitive sequence. Homology of protein III with enterobacterial ompA proteins. J Exp Med 165: 471–482, 1987
- Arminion P, Cadoz M, Morse SA, Rock JP, Sarafian SK. Bactericidal and opsonic activities of sera from individuals immunized with a gonococcal protein I vaccine [Abstract]. Abstr Ann Mtg, Amer Soc Microbiol E92: E118, 1987
- Rice PA, McCormack WM, Kasper DL. Natural serum bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from disseminated, locally invasive, and uncomplicated disease. J Immunol 124: 2105–2109, 1980
- Wetzler LM, Gotschlich EC, Blake MS, Koomey JM. The construction and characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lacking protein III in its outer membrane. J Exp Med 169: 2199–2209, 1989
- Klugman KP, Gotschlich EC, Blake MS. Sequence of the structural gene (rmpM) for the class 4 outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis, homology of the protein to gonococcal protein II and Escherichia coli ompA, and construction of meningococcal strains that lack class 4 protein. Infect Immun 57: 2066–2071, 1989
- Martin PMV, Patel PV, Parsons NJ, Smith H. Induction of phenotypically determined resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to human serum by factors in human serum. J Gen Microbiol 127: 213–217, 1981
- Parsons NJ, Patel PV, Tan EL, Andrade JRC, Nairn CA, Goldner M, Cole JA, Smith H. Cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetyl neuraminic acid and a low molecular weight factor from human blood cells induce lipopolysaccharide alteration in gonococci when conferring resistance to killing by human serum. Microb Pathog 5: 303–309, 1988
- Mandrell RE, Lesse AJ, Sugai JV, Shero M, Griffiss JM, Cole JA, Parsons NJ, Smith H, Morse SA, Apicella MA. In vitro and in vivo modification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide epitope structure by sialylation. J Exp Med 171: 1649–1664, 1990
- Ward ME, Watt PJ, Glynn AA. Gonococci in urethral exudates possess a virulence factor lost on subculture. Nature (London) 227: 382–384, 1970
- Schoolnik GK, Buchanan TM, Holmes KK. Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera. J Clin Invest 58: 1163–1173, 1976
- Judd RC, Shafer WM. Topographical alterations in proteins I of Neisseria gonorrhoeae correlated with lipooligosaccharide variation. Mole Microbiol 3: 637–643, 1989
- Shafer WM. Lipopolysaccharide masking of gonococcal outer-membrane proteins modulates binding of bacterial cathepsin G to gonococci. J Gen Microbiol 134: 539–545, 1988
- Robinson EN Jr, McGee ZA, Buchanan TM, Blake MS, Hitchcock PF. Probing the surface of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Simultaneous localization of protein I and H.8 antigens. Infect Immun 55: 1190–1197, 1987
- Dorward DW, Garon CF, Judd RC. Export and intercellular transfer of DNA via membrane blebs of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 171: 2499–2505, 1989
- Gregg CR, Melly MA, Hellerqvist CG, Coniglio JG, McGee ZA. Toxic activity of purified lipopolysaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for human fallopian tube mucosa. J Inf Dis 143: 432–439, 1981
- McGee AZ, Melly MA, Gregg CR, Horn RG, Taylor-Robinson D. Johnson AP, McCutchan JA. Virulence factors of gonococci: Studies using fallopian tube organ cultures. In: Brooks GF, Gotschlich EC, Holmes KK, Sawyer WD, Young FE, eds. Immunobiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 258–262, 1978
- Densen P, McRill CM, Ross SC. Assembly of the membrane attack complex promotes decay of the alternative pathway C3 convertase on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Immunol 141: 3902–3909, 1988
- Neilands JB. Iron absorption and transport in microorganisms. Annu Rev Nutr 1: 27–46, 1981
- West SEH, Sparling PF. Response of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to iron limitation: Alterations in expression of membrane proteins without apparent siderophore production. Infect Immun 47: 388–394, 1985
- Dyer DW, West EP, Sparling PF. Effects of serum carrier proteins on the growth of pathogenic neisseriae with heme-bound iron. Infect Immun 55: 2171–2175, 1987
- Mickelsen PA, Sparling PF. Ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria meningitidis, and commensal Neisseria species to obtain iron from transferrin and iron compounds. Infect Immun 33: 555–564, 1981
- Klausner RD, Renswoude JV, Ashwell G, Kempf C, Schecter AN, Dean A, Bridges KR. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin in K562 cells. J Biol Chem 258: 4715–4724, 1983
- Dautry-Varsat A, Ciechanover A, Lodish HF. pH and the recycling of transferrin during receptor-mediated endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2258–2262, 1983
- Bennett RM, Davis J, Campbell S, Portnoff S. Lactoferrin binds to cell membrane DNA. Association of surface DNA with an enriched population of B cells and monocytes. J Clin Invest 71: 611–618, 1983
- Blanton KJ, Biswas GD, Tsai J, Adams J, Dyer DW, Davis SM, Koch GG, Sen PK, Sparling PF. Genetic evidence that Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces specific receptors for transferrin and lactoferrin. J Bacteriol 172: 5225–5235, 1990
- McKenna WR, Mickelsen PA, Sparling PF, Dyer DW. Iron uptake from lactoferrin and transferrin by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 56: 785–791, 1988
- Simonson C, Brener D, Devoe IW. Expression of a high-affinity mechanism for acquisition of transferrin iron by Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 36: 107–113, 1982
- Lee BC, Schryvers AB. Specificity of the lactoferrin and transferrin receptors in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mole Microbiol 2: 827–829, 1988
- Tsai J, Dyer DW, Sparling PF. Loss of transferrin receptor activity in Neisseria meningitidis correlates with inability to use transferrin as an iron source. Infect Immun 56: 3132–3138, 1988
- Norqvist A, Davies J, Norlander L, Normark S. The effect of iron starvation the outer membrane protein composition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 4: 71–75, 1978
- Mietzner TA, Bolan G, Schoolnik GK, Morse SA. Purification and characterization of the major iron-regulated protein expressed by pathogenic Neisseriae. J Exp Med 165: 1041–1057, 1987
- Mietzner TA, Barnes RC, Jeanlouis YA, Shafer WV, Morse SA. Distribution of an antigenically related iron-regulated protein among the Neisseria spp. Infect Immun 51: 60–68, 1986
- Dyer DW, West EP, McKenna W, Thompson SA, Sparling PF. A pleiotropic iron-uptake mutant of Neisseria meningitidis lacks a 70 kilodalton iron-regulated protein. Infect Immun 56: 977–983, 1988
- Fohn MJ, Mietzner TA, Hubbard TW, Morse SA, Hook EW III. Human immunoglobulin G antibody response to the major gonococcal iron-regulated protein. Infect Immun 55: 3065–3069, 1987
- Knapp JS, Clark VL. Anaerobic growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae coupled to nitrite reduction. Infect Immun 46: 176–181, 1984
- Clark VL, Campbell LA, Palermo DA, Evans TM, Klimpel KW. Induction and repression of outer membrane proteins by anaerobic growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 55: 1359–1364, 1987
- Hitchcock PJ. Unified nomenclature for pathogenic Neisseria species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S64–S65, 1989
- Clark VL, Klimpel KW, Thompson S, Knapp J. Anaerobically expressed outer membrane proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are recognized by antibodies present in the sera of PID patients. In: Poolman JT, Zanen HC, Meyer TF, Heckels JE, Makela PRH, Smith H, Beuvery EC, eds. Gonococci and meningococci. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 727–729, 1988
- Arko RJ. Animal models for pathogenic Neisseria species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2 ( Supplement): S56–S59, 1989
- Arko RJ, Duncan WP, Brown WJ, Peacock WL, Tomizawa T. Immunity in infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Duration and serological response in the chimpanzee. J Inf Dis 133: 441–447, 1976
References
- Mabey DCW, Robertson JN, Ward ME. Detection Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay in patients with trachoma. The Lancet ii: 1491–1492, 1987
- Schachter JS, Dawson CR, Hoshiwara I, Daghfous T, Banks J. The use of cycloheximide treated cells for isolating trachoma agent under field conditions. Bull WHO 56: 629–632, 1978
- Johansson A, Ellis DH, Bates DL, Plumb AM, Stanley CJ. Enzyme amplification for immunoassays. Detection limit of one hundredth of an attomole. J Immunol Methods 87: 7–11, 1986
- Salari HS, Ward ME. Polypeptide composition of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Gen Microbiol 123: 197–207, 1981
- Robertson JN, Ward ME, Conway D, Caul EO. Chlamydial and gonococcal antibodies in the sera of infertile women with tubal obstruction. J Clin Pathol 40: 377–383, 1987
- Treharne JD. The community epidemiology of trachoma. Rev Infect Dis 7: 760–764, 1985
- Bailey R, Osmond C, Mabey DCW, Ward ME. Analysis of the household distribution of trachoma in a Gambian village using a Monte-Carlo simulation procedure. Int J Epidemiol, 18: 944–951, 1989
- Allardyce RA, Bienenstock J. The mucosal immune system in health and disease, with an emphasis on parasitic infection. Bull WHO 62: 7–25, 1984
- Detels R, Alexander ER, Dhir SP. Trachoma in Punjabi Indians in British Columbia: A prevalence study with comparisons to India. Am J Epidemiol 84: 81–91, 1966
- Jones BR. The prevention of blindness from trachoma. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 95: 16–33, 1975
- Lee CK, Moulder JW. Persistent infection of mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells) with a trachoma strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun 32: 822–829, 1981
- Horoschack K, Moulder JW. Division of single host cells after infection with chlamydiae. Infect Immun 19: 281–286, 1978
- Moulder JW. Looking at chlamydiae without looking at their hosts. ASM News 50: 353–360, 1984
- Shatkin AA, Orlova OE, Popov VL, Beskina SR, Pankratova VN, Pogacheva IF, Soldatova SI, Smirnova NS, Shcherbakova NI. Persistent chlamydial infection in cell culture. Vestnik Akad Med Sci USSR 3: 51–56, 1985 (in Russian only).
- Richmond SJ. Division and transmission of inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis in replicating McCoy cell monolayers. FEMS Microbiol Letts 29: 49–54, 1985
- Hanna L, Dawson CR, Briones O, Thygeson P, Jawetz E. Latency in human infections with TRIC agents. J Immunol 101: 43–50, 1968
- Schachter J, Moncada J, Dawson CR, Sheppard J, Courtright P, Said ME, Zaki S, Hafez SF, Lorincz A. Non culture methods for diagnosing chlamydial infection in patients with trachoma: A clue to the pathogenesis of the disease? J Infect Dis 158: 1347–1352, 1988
- Batteiger BE, Fraiz J, Newhall VWJ, Katz BP, Jones RB. Association of recurrent chlamydial infection with gonorrhea. J Infect Dis 159: 661–669, 1988
- Ward ME. The chlamydial development cycle. In: Barron AL, ed. Microbiology of Chlamydia. Baton Rouge, Florida: CRCPress, 71–95, 1988
- Stirling P, Allan I, Pearce JH. Influence of cysteine on transformation of chlamydiae from reproductive to infective body forms. FEMS Microbiol Letts 19: 133–137, 1983
- Kramer MJ, Gordon FB. Ultra structural analysis of the effects of penicillin and chlortetracycline on the development of a genital tract. Chlamydia. Infect Immun 3: 333–341, 1971
- Byrne GI, Krueger DA. Lymphokine-mediated inhibition of Chlamydia replication in mouse fibroblasts is neutralized by anti gamma interferon immunoglobulin. Infect Immun 42: 1152–1158, 1983
- Shemer-Avni Y, Wallach D, Sarov I. Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth by recombinant tumour necrotizing factor (TNF) and the reversal effect of tryptophan. Proc Eur Soc Chlam Res 1: 144
- Taylor HR, Johnson SL, Schachter J, Caldwell HD, Prendergast RA. Pathogenesis of trachoma: The stimulus for inflammation. J Immunol 138: 3023–3027, 1987
- van Eden W, Holoshitz J, Nevo Z, Frenkel A, Klajmen A, Cohen IR. Arthritis induced by a T-lymphocyte clone that responds to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to cartilage proteoglycans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 5117–5120, 1985
- Treharne JD, Viswalingam ND, Darougar S. Development and persistence of chlamydial antibodies in adult paratrachoma infections. In: Oriel D, Ridgway G, Schachter J, Taylor-Robinson D, Ward ME, eds. Chlamydial Infections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 158–161, 1986
References
- Sandström E. Studies on the serology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Thesis, Stockholm, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 1979
- Eisenstein BI, Sox T, Biswas G, Blackman E, Sparling PF. Conjugal transfer of the gonococcal penicillinase plasmid. Sience 1977; 195: 998–1000
- Elwell LP, Roberts M, Mayer LW, Falkow S. Plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase production by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977; 11: 528–533
- Perine PL, Thornsberry C, Schalla W, Biddle J, Siegel MS, Wong HK, Thompson SE. Evidence for two distinct types of penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 1977; 2: 993–995
- Catlin BW. Nutritional profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in chemically defined media and the use of growth requirements for gonococcal typing. J Infect Dis 1973; 128: 178–194
- Apicella MA. Serogrouping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Identification of four immunologically distinct acidic polysaccharides. J Infect Dis 1976; 134: 377–383
- Tam MR, Buchanan TM, Sandström EG, Holmes KK, Knapp JS, Siadak AW, Nowinski RC. Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 1982; 36: 1042–1053
- Falk ES, Bjorvatn B, Danielsson D, Kristiansen BE, Melby K, Sörensen B. Restriction endonuclease fingerprinting of chromosomal DNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand (B) 1984; 92: 271–278
- Dillon J-A, Pauzé M. Relationship between plasmid content and auxotype in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates. Infect Immun 1981; 33: 625–628
- Sarubbi FA Jr, Blackman E, Sparling PF. Genetic mapping of linked antibiotic resistance loci in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 1974; 120: 1284–1292
- Sparling PF, Sarubbi FA Jr, Blackman E. Inheritance of low-level resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 1975; 124: 740–749
- Sparling PF, Sox TE, Mohammed W, Guymon LF. Antibiotic resistance in the gonococcus: Diverse mechanisms of coping with hostile environment. In Brooks GF, Gotschlich EC, Holmes KK, Sawyer WD, Young FE, eds.Immunobiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology, 44–52, 1978
- Guymon LF, Sparling PF. Altered crystal violet permeability and lytic behavior in antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive mutants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 1975; 124: 757–763
- Morse SA, Lysko PG, McFarland L, Knapp JS, Sandström E, Critchlow C, Holmes KK. Gonococcal strains from homosexual men have outer membranes with reduced permeability to hydrophobic molecules. Infect Immun 1982; 37: 432–438
- Wiesner PJ, Handsfield HH, Holmes KK. Low antibiotic resistance of gonococci causing disseminated infection. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 1221–1222
- Knapp JS, Holmes KK. Disseminated gonococcal infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae with unique nutritional requirements. J Infect Dis 1975; 132: 204–208
- Faruki H, Kohmescher RN, McKinney WP, Sparling PF. A community-based outbreak of infection with penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae not producing penicillinase (chromosomally mediated resistance). N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 607–611
- Handsfield HH, Knapp JS, Diehr PK, Holmes KK. Correlation of auxotype and penicillin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with sexual preference and clinical manifestations of gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 1980; 7: 1–5
- Shockley TE. Genetic loci of the gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) In: O'Brien SJ, ed. Genetic maps 1984. Cold Spring Harbor N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 3: 162–168, 1984
- Danielsson D, Bygdeman S, Kallings I. Epidemiology of gonorrhoea: Serogroup, antibiotic susceptibility and auxotype patterns of consecutive gonococcal isolates from ten different areas of Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1983; 15: 33–42
- Stewart IO, Hendry AT. Association between the auxogroup of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin. Sex Transm Dis 1979; 6: 247–252
- Mayer LW, Schoolnik GK, Falkow S. Genetic studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae from disseminated gonococcal infections. Infect Immun 1977; 18: 165–172
- Hendry AT, Stewart IO, Auxanographic grouping and typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Can J Microbiol 1979; 25: 512–521
- Knapp JS, Thornsberry C, Schoolnik GK, Wieser PJ, Holmes KK and the Cooperative Study Group. Phenotypic and epidemiologic correlates of auxotype in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Infect Dis 1978; 138: 160–165
- Hook EW III, Judson FN, Handsfield HH, Ehret JM, Holmes KK, Knapp JS. Auxotype/serovar diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in two mid-sized American cities. Sex Transm Dis 1987; 14: 141–146
- Knapp JS, Holmes KK, Bonin P, Hook EW, III. Epidemiology of gonorrhea: Distribution and temporal changes in auxotype/serovar classes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Dis 1987; 14: 26–32
- Schneider H, Hammack CA, Apicella MA, Griffiss JM. Instability of expression of lipooligosaccharides and their epitopes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 942–946
- Apicella MA, Shero M, Jarvis GA, Griffiss JM, Mandrell RE, Schneider H. Phenotypic variation in epitope expression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 1755–1761
- Sandström E, Danielsson D. Serology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Classification by co-agglutination. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (B) 1980; 88: 27–38
- Apicella MA, Westerink MA, Morse SA, Schnider H, Rice PA, Griffiss JM. Bactericidal antibody response of normal human serum to the lipooligosaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Infect Dis 1986; 153: 520–526
- Apicella MA, Bennett KM, Hermerath CA, Roberts DE. Monoclonal antibody analysis of lipopolysaccharide from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun 1981; 34: 751–756
- Dudas KC, Apicella MA. Selection and immunochemical analysis of lipooligosaccharide mutants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 499–504
- Sandström EG, Chen KCS, Buchanan TM. Serology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Coagglutination serogroups WI and WII/III correspond to different outer membrane protein I molecules. Infect Immun 1982; 38: 462–470
- Sandström E, Tam M, Bygdeman S. Antigenic drift of gonococal protein I as judged by serovar determination. In: Schoolnik GK, Brooks GF, Falkow S, Frasch CE, Knapp JS, McCuthan JA, Morse SA, eds. The pathogenic Neisseria. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 13–19, 1985
- Bygdeman S, Bäckman M, Danielsson D, Norgren M. Genetic linkage between serogroup specificity and antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand (B) 1982; 90: 243–250
- Shinners EN, Catlin BW. Neisseria gonorrhoeae recombinant strains expressing hybrid serological reactivities of outer membrane protein IA and IB. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 529–536
- Danielsson D, Faruki H, Dyer D, Sparling PF. Recombination near the antibiotic resistance locus penB results in antigenic variation of gonococcal outer membrane protein I. Infect Immun 1986; 52: 529–533
- Bäckman M, Rudén A-KM, Bygdeman SM, Falk ES, Jonsson A, Kallings I, Ringertz O, Sandström EG. Comparison between serological classification and auxotyping in the analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand (B) 1987; 95: 181–188
- Bygdeman SM, Mårdh P-A, Sandström EG. Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to rifampicin and thimaphenicol: Correlation with protein I antigenic determinants. Sex Transm Dis 1984; 11: 366–370
- Rudén A-KM, Werner YK, Ringertz O, Bygdeman SM, Bäckman M, Sandström EG. Use of gonococcal W serogrouping in the evaluation of a clinical trial of rosoxacin. Sex Transm Dis 1985; 12: 19–24
- Sandström EG, Knapp JS, Reller LB, Thompson SE, Hook EW III, Holmes KK. Serogrouping of Neiseria gonorrhoeae: Correlation of serogroup with diseminated gonococcal infection. Sex Transm Dis 1984; 11: 77–80
- Bäckman M, Rudén A-KM, Bygdeman SM, Jonsson A, Ringertz O, Sandström EG. Gonococcal serovar distribution in Stockholm with special reference to multiple infections and infected partners. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand (B) 1985; 93: 225–232
- Ramstedt K, Hallhagen G, Bygdeman S, Lincoln K, Kallings I, Gillenius T, Sandström E. Serological classification and contact-tracing in the control of microepidemics with β-lactamase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Dis 1985; 12: 209–214
- Danielsson D, Sandström E, Bygdeman S, Bäckman M, Gnarpe H. W-serogroup (protein I) and serovar patterns of gonococci isolated during two different periods in urban and rural districts of Sweden. In: Schoolnik GK, Brooks GF, Falkow S, Frasch CE, Knapp JS, McCutchan JA, Morse SA, eds. The pathogenic Neisseriae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 71–77, 1985
- Ansink-Schipper MC, Bygdeman SM, van Klingeren B, Sandström EG. Serovars, auxotypes, and plasmid profiles of PPNG strains with Asian type plasmid isolated in Amsterdam. Genitourin Med 1988; 64: 152–155
- Knapp JS, Sandström EG, Holmes KK. Overview of epidemiological and clinical applications of auxotype/serovar classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In Schoolnik GK, Brooks GF, Falkow S, Frasch CE, Knapp JS, McCutchan JA, Morse SA, eds.The pathogenic Neisseriae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 6–12, 1985
- Falk ES, Danielsson D, Bjorvatn B, Melby K, Sörensen B, Kristiansen BE. Genomic fingerprinting in the epidemiology of gonorrhoea. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1985; 65: 235–239
- Falk ES, Bygdeman SM, Birkeland NK, Bjorvatn B, Kallings I, Sandström EG. Genotypes and phenotypes of β-lactamase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from African countries. Genitourin Med 1988; 64: 226–232
- Sox TF, Mohammed W, Blackman E, Biswas G, Sparling PF. Conjugative plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 1978; 134: 278–286
- Abeck D, Johnson AP, Alexander FE, Korting HC, Taylor-Robinson D. Plasmid content and protein I serovar of non-penicillinase-producing gonococci isolated in Munich. Epidem Inf 1988; 100: 345–349
- Dillon JR, Carballo M, King SD, Brathwaite AR. Auxotypes, plasmid contents and serovars of gonococcal strains (PPNG and non-PPNG) from Jamaica. Genitourin Med 1987; 63: 233–238
- Ashford WA, Golash RG, Hemming VG. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 1976; 2: 657–658
- Phillips I. β-lactamase-producing penicillin-resistant gonococcus. Lancet 1976; 2: 656–657
- Johnson SR, Morse SA. Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Genetics and mechanisms of resistance. Sex Transm Dis 1988; 15: 217–224
- van Klingeren B, Ansink-Schipper MC, Dessens-Kroon M, Verheuvel M, Huikeshoven H, Woudstra RK. Relationship between auxotype, plasmid pattern and susceptibility to antibiotics in penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985; 16: 143–147
- Mee BJ, Turbett G, Rich G. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Western Australia based on antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988; 21: 117–124
- Centers for Disease Control. Tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae—Georgia, Pennsylvania New Hampshire. MMWR 1985; 34: 563–570
- Morse SA, Johnson SR, Biddle JW, Roberts MC. High-level tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is result of the acquisition of streptococcal tetM determinant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30: 664–670
- Knapp JS, Zenilman JM, Biddle JW, Perkins GH, DeWitt WE, Thomas ML, Johnson SR, Morse SA. Frequency and distribution in the United States of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with plasmid-mediated high-level resistance to tetracycline. J Infect Dis 1987; 155: 819–822
- Knapp JS, Bygdeman S, Sandström E, Holmes KK. Nomenclature for the serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In: Schoolnik GK, Brooks GF, Falkow S, Frasch CE, Knapp JS, McCutchan JA, Morse SA, eds. The pathogenic Neisseriae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 4–5, 1985
- Knapp JS, Tam MR, Nowinski RC, Holmes KK, Sandström EG. Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with use of monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane protein I. J Infect Dis 1984; 150: 44–48
- Sandström E, Lindell P, Härfast B, Blomberg F, Rydén A-C, Bygdeman S. Evaluation of a new set of Neisseria gonorrhoeae serogroup W-specific monoclonal antibodies for serovar determination. In: Schoolnik GK, Brooks GF, Falkow S, Frasch CE, Knapp JS, McCutchan JA, Morse SA, eds. The pathogenic Neisseriae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 26–30, 1985
- Bygdeman SM, Gillenius E-C, Sandström EG. Comparison of two different sets of monoclonal antibodies for the serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In: Schoolnik GK, Brooks GF, Falkow S, Knapp JS, Frasch CE, McCutchan JA, Morse SA, eds. The pathogenic Neisseriae. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 31–36, 1985
- Coghill DV, Young H. Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with monoclonal antibody coagglutination reagents. Genitourin Med 1987; 63: 225–232
- Rajasekariah GR, Edward S, Shapira D, Tapsall J, Walsh J, Ho J, Hopper K, Pucci A. Direct detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with monoclonal antibodies characterized by serotyping reagents. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1700–1703
References
- Winkelstein Jr W, Wiley JA, Padian NS, Samuel M, Shiboski S, Ascher MS, Levy JA. The San Francisco men's health study: Continued decline in HIV seroconversion rates among homosexual/bisexual men. Am J Public Health 78: 1472–1474, 1988
- Weström L, Svensson L, Wølner-Hansen P, Mårdh PA. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in a defined population of women. Scand J Infect Dis, Suppl 32: 157–162, 1982
- Weström L, Mårdh PA. Salpingitis. In: Holmes KK, Mårdh PA, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ, eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 615–632, 1984
- Washington AE, Johnson RE, Sanders LL. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States. What are they costing us? JAMA 257: 2070–2072, 1987
- Trachtenberg AI, Washington AE, Halldorson HS. A cost-based decision analysis for chlamydia screening in California family planning clinics. Obstet Gynecol 71: 101–108, 1988
- Weström L. Decrease in incidence of women treated in hospital for acute salpingitis in Sweden. Genitourin Med 64: 59–63, 1988
References
- Oriel JD. Natural history of genital warts. Br J Vener Dis 47: 1–13, 1971
- Reid R, Laverty CR, Coppleson M, Isarangkul W, Hills E. Noncondylomatous cervical wart virus infection. Obstet Gynecol 55: 476–483, 1980
- Campion MJ, McCance DJ, Jenkins J, Atia W, Singer A, Oriel JD. Subclinical penile human papillomavirus infections: The clue to the high risk male. J Colp Gyn Laser Surg 8: 100–110, 1986
- von Krogh G. Treatment of human papillomavirus-induced lesions. In: K Syrjänen , eds. Papillomaviruses and human disease. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 296, 1987
- Nash O, Allen W, Nash S. Atypical lesions of the anal mucosa in homosexual men. JAMA 256: 873–876, 1986
- Grussendorf-Conen E, de Villiers E-M, Gissmann L. Human papillomavirus genomes in penile smears of healthy men. Lancet ii: 1092, 1986
- Schneider A, Kirchmayr R, de Villiers E-M, Gissmann L. Subclinical human papillomavirus infections in male sexual partners of female carriers. J Urol 140: 1431–1434, 1988
- Munoz N, Bosch X, Kaldor JM. Does human papillomavirus cause cervical cancer? The state of epidemiological evidence. Br J Cancer 57: 1–5, 1988
- Tidy JA, Parry GCN, Ward P, Coleman DV, Peto J, Malcolm ADB, Farrell PJ. High rate of human papillomavirus type 16 infection in cytologically normal cervices. Lancet i: 434, 1989
- Department of Health & Social Security. New cases seen at genitourinary medicine clinics—1987. Summary information form SBH 60: 1987
- Daling JR, Weiss NS, Sherman KJ. History of genital warts in a selected population. Lancet i: 157–158, 1984
- Department of Health & Social Security. Sexually transmitted diseases for the year 1983. Genitourin Med 61: 204–207, 1985
- Chuang T-Y, Perry HO, Kurland CT, Ilstrup DM. Condylomata acuminata in Rochester Minnesota 1950–1978. 1. Epidemiology and clinical features. Arch Dermatol 120: 469–475, 1984
- Lassus J, Ponka A, Haukka K, Lassus A. Increase in new patients with genital warts attending STD clinics in Helsinki, 1980–86. Genitourin Med 64: 205–208, 1988
- Carr G, William DC. Anal warts in a population of gay men in New York City. Sex Transm Dis 4: 56–57, 1977
- Chuang T-Y. Condylomata acuminata (genital warts). An epidemiological view. J Am Acad Dermatol 16: 376–384, 1987
- Kinghorn G. Genital warts: Incidence of associated infections. Br J Dermatol 99: 405–409, 1978
- Syrjänen K, Väyrinen M, Castrén O, Yliskoski M, Mäntyjärvi R, Pyrhönen S, Saarikoski S. Sexual behaviour of women with human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions of the uterine cervix. Br J Vener Dis 60: 243–248, 1984
- Sand PK, Bowen LW, Blischke SO, Ostergard DR. Evaluation of male consorts of women with genital human papillomavirus infection. Obstet Gynecol 68: 679–681, 1986
- Lutzner M, Kuffer R, Blanchet-Bardon C, Croissant O. Different papillomaviruses as the causes of oral warts. Arch Dermatol 118: 393–399, 1982
- Oriel JD. Anal warts and anal coitus. Br J Vener Dis 47: 373–376, 1971
- Zamora S, Baumgartner G, Shaw M. Condyloma acuminatum in a 2 1/2-year-old girl. J Urol 129: 145–146, 1983
- de Jong AR, Weiss JC, Brent RL. Condylomata acuminata in children. Am J Dis Child 136: 704–706, 1982
- Rock B, Naghashfar Z, Barnett N, Buscema J, Woodruff JD, Shah K. Arch Dermatol 122: 1129–1132, 1986
- Koranda FC, Dehmel EM, Kahn G, Penn I. Cutaneous complications in immunosuppressed renal homograft recipients. JAMA 229: 419–424, 1974
- Penn I. Cancers of the anogenital region in renal transplant recipients. Cancer 58: 611–616, 1986
- Evans BA, Dawson SG, McLean KA. Sexual lifestyle and clinical findings related to HIV 111/LAV status in homosexual men. Genitourin Med 62: 384–389, 1986
- Oriel JD. Genital papillomavirus infection. Semi Dermatology 8: 48–53, 1989
- Daling JR, Sherman KJ, Weiss NS. Risk factors for condyloma acuminatum in women. Sex Transm Dis 13: 16–18, 1986
- Niedbala W, Nowak J. Depressed PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in women taking oral contraceptives. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 29: 867–870, 1981
References
- Terris M. The changing relationships of epidemiology and society: The Robert Cruishank lecture. J Public Health Policy: 14–36, 1985
- Janes CR, Stall R, Gifford SM, eds. Anthropology and epidemiology. Dordrecht: D Riedel Publ Co, 1986
- Smith PG. Evaluating interventions against tropical diseases. Int J Epidemiol 16: 159–166, 1987
- Rothman KJ. Am J Publ Health 71: 1309–1311, 1981
- Killewo J, Nyamuryekunge K, Sandström A, Bredberg-Rådén U, Wall S, Biberfeld G. Risk factors for HIV infection in a population based survey in Tanzania. Poster presented at the IV International Conference on Aids. Stockholm 1988
- Nyamuryekunge K, Killewo J, Bredberg-Rådén U, Sandström A, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G. HIV infection in Kagera region, Tanzania: A population based study. Paper presented at the IV International Conference on Aids. Stockholm 1988
- Killewo J, Nyamuryekunge K, Sandström A, Bredberg-Rådén U, Wall S, Biberfeld G, Mhalu F. The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Kagera region of Tanzania. Paper presented at the II International Conference on Aids and Associated Cancers in Africa, Arusha, Tanzania, 1988
References
- Jaffe HW, Choi K, Thomas PA, Harkos HW, Auerbach DM, Guinan ME, Rogers MF, Spira TJ, Darrow WW, Kramer MA, Freidman SM, Monroe JM, Friedman-Fien AE, Laubenstein LJ, Marmor M, Safai B, Dritz SM, Crispi SJ, Fannin SL, Orkwis JP, Kelter A, Rushing WR, Thacker SB, Curran JW. National case control study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Part 1, epidemiologic results. Ann Int Med 99: 145–151, 1983
- Clumeck N, Sonnet J, Taelman H, Mascart-Lemone F, De Bruyere M, Vandeperre P, Dasnoy J, Maracelis L, Lamy M, Jonas C, Eyckmans L, Noel H, Vanhaeverbeek M. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in African patients. N Engl J Med 310: 492–497, 1984
- Van de Perre P, Lepage P, Kesteylyn P, Hekker AC, Rouvoy D, Bogaerts J, Kayihgi J, Butzler JP, Clumeck N. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Rwanda. Lancet II: 62–65, 1984
- Piot P, Taelman H, Minlangu KB, Mbendi N, Ndangi K, Kalambaki K, Bridts C, Quinn TC, Feinsod FM, Wobin O, Mazebo P, Stevens W, Mitchell S, McCormick JB. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire. Lancet II: 65–69, 1984
- Kreiss J, Koech D, Plummer FA, Holmes KK, Lightfoot M, Piot P, Ronald AR, Ndinya-Achla JO, D'Costa LJ, Roberts P, Ngugi EN, Quinn TC. AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes: Spread of the epidemic to East Africa. N Engl J Med 314: 414–418, 1986
- Simonsen JN, Plummer FA, Ngugi EN, Black C, Kreiss JK, Gakinya MN, Waiyaki P, Vercauteren G, Slaney L, Koss J, D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Karasira P, Kimata J, Piot P, Cheang M, Ronald AR. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among lower socioeconomic prostitutes in Nairobi. AIDS, 4 ( S2): 139–144, 1990
- Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Gakinya MN, Ndinya-Achola JO, D'Costa JL, Karasira P, Cheang M, Ronald AR, Piot P, Plummer FA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with STD's. Experience from a centre in Africa. N Engl J Med 319: 274–278, 1988
- D'Costa LJ, Plummer FA, Bowmer I, Fransen L, Piot P, Ronald AR, Nsanze H. Prostitutes are a major reservoir of STD in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 12: 64–67, 1985
- Piot P, Van Dyck E, Ryder RW, Nzilka W, Laga M . Serum antibody to Haemophilus ducryi as a risk factor for HIV infection in Africa but not in Europe. Abstract M.A.O. 32, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, June 4–9, 1989
- Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Plummer FA. Female to male transmission of HIV in Nairobi. Lancet, ii: 403–408, 1989
- Plummer FA, Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, Bosire M, Maitha G, Kreiss J, Waiyaki P, Ronald AR. Cofactors in male to female transmission of HIV. Abstract 4554, IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 12–16, 1988
- Telzak EE, Chiasson MA, Stoneburner RL, Rivera J, Jaffe J, Schultz S. A prospective cohort study of HIV-1 seroconversion in patients with genital ulcer disease in New York City. Abstract M.A.O. 34, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, June 4–9, 1989
- Freinkel AL. Histological aspects of sexually transmitted genital lesions. Histopathology 11: 819–831, 1987
- Peuchmaur M, Emilie D, Vazeux R, Pons JC, Delfraissy JF, Lemaigre G, Galanaud P. HIV associated endometritis. AIDS 3: 239–241, 1989
- Margolick JB, Volkman DJ, Folks TM, Fauci AS. Amplification of HTLV-III/LAV infection by antigen-induced activation of T cells and direct suppression by virus of lymphocyte blastogenic responses. J Immunol 138: 1719–1723, 1987
- Kreiss JK, Coombs R, Plummer FA, Holmes KK, Cameron DW, Ngugi EN, Ndinya-Achola JO, Corey L. Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from genital ulcers in prostitutes. J Infect Dis, 160: 380–384, 1989
- Guatelli JC, Gingeras TR, Richman RD. Nucleic acid amplification in vitro: Detection of sequences with low copy numbers and amplification to diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. Infect Clin Micro Rev 2( S2): 217–226, 1989
- Cameron DW, Ngugi EN, Ronald AR, Simonsen JN, Braddick M, Bosire M, Kimata J, Kamala J, Ndinya-Achola JO, Waiyaki P, Plummer FA. Evaluation of condom use, genital ulcer disease and HIV infection in women working as prostitutes: Protection from HIV infection through prevention of genital ulcer disease in Nairobi, Kenya. Abstract no. 6517, IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 12–16, 1988
- Cameron DW, Plummer DA, D'Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Prediction of HIV infection by treatment failure for chancroid, a genital ulcer disease. Abstract 7637. IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 12–16, 1988
- MacDonald KS, Cameron DW, D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Plummer FA, Ronald AR. Evaluation of Fleroxacin (RO 23–620) as single dose therapy of culture proven chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33( S5): 612–614, 1989
- Moses S, Plummer FA, Ronald AR, Ndinya-Achola JO. Male circumcision in Eastern and Southern Africa: Association with HIV seroprevalence. Abstract Th.G.O. 27 V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, June 4–9, 1989
- Bongaarts J, Reining P, Way P, Conant P. The relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection in African populations. AIDS, June 1989
References
- Anderson RM, Blythe SP, Gupta S, Konings E. The transmission dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the male homosexual community in the United Kingdom: The influences of changes in sexual behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 325: 45–98, 1989
- Anderson RM, Gupta S, Ng W. The significance of sexual partner contact networks for the transmission dynamics of HIV. Journal of AIDS 3: 417–429, 1990
- Anderson RM, May RM, McLean AR. Possible demographic consequences of AIDS in developing countries. Nature 332: 228–234, 1988
- Anderson RM, Medley GF, May RM, Johnson AM. A preliminary study of the transmission dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS. IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied to Medicine and Biology 3: 229–263, 1986
- Bacchetti P, Moss AR. Incubation periods of AIDS in San Francisco. Nature 338: 251–253, 1989
- Blythe SP, Anderson RM. Heterogeneous sexual activity models of HIV transmission in male homosexual populations. IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied to Medicine and Biology 5: 237–260, 1988
- BMRB AIDS Advertising Campaign. Report on four surveys during the first year of advertising, 1986–87, London: British Market Research Bureau Limited, 1987
- Evans BA, McLean KA, Dawson SG, Teece SA, Bond RA, MacRae KD, Thorp RW. Trends in sexual behaviour and risk factors for HIV infection among homosexual men, 1984–87. Br Med J 298: 215–218, 1989
- a Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH. Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men. Science 243: 338–48, 1989
- b Forman D, Chilvers C. Sexual behaviour of young and middle aged men in England and Wales. Br Med J 298: 1137–42, 1989
- Van Griensven GJP, Vroome EMM, Goudsmit J, Coutinho RA. Changes in sexual behaviour and the fall in incidence of HIV infection among homosexual men. Br Med J 298: 218–221, 1989
- Jacquez JA, Simon CP, Koopman K, Perry T. Modelling and analysing HIV transmission: The effect of contact patterns. Math Biosci 92: 119–199, 1988
- Johnson AM, Gill ON. Evidence for recent changes in sexual behaviour in homosexual men in England and Wales. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. (In press 1990.)
- May RM, Anderson RM. Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature 326: 137–142, 1987
- May RM, Anderson RM. The transmission dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 321: 565–607, 1988
- Medley GF, Billard L, Cox DR, Anderson RM. The distribution of the incubation period for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 223: 367–377, 1988
- Pederson C, Nielsen C, Vestergaard BF, Gerstoff J, Krogsgaard K, Nielsen JE. Temporal relation of antigenaemia and loss of antibodies to core antigens to development of clinical disease in HIV infection. Br Med J 295: 567–69, 1987
- Hyman JM, Slantey EA. The effects of social mixing patterns on the spread of AIDS. Lectures Notes in Biomathematics 81: 190–219, 1989
References
- Marrack P, Pullen AM, Herman A, Callahan J, Choi Y, Potts W, Wakeland E, Kappler JW. T cell receptors. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 3–12, 1989
- Milich DR. T and B cell recognition of hepatitis B viral antigens. Implications for vaccine design. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 1123–1130, 1989
- Shimizu A, Kinashi T, Ishida Y, Honjo T. Structure and function of lymphokines and their receptors. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 601–610, 1989
- Unanue Er, Harding CV, Luescher IF, Roof RW. Further analysis of the role of MHC molecules in antigen presentation. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 52–59, 1989
- Wong-Staal F, Genetic regulation of HIV infection. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 1016–1020, 1989
- Fauci AS, McKeating JA. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 1028–1035, 1989
- Lennox ES. An introduction to vaccines: An old problem in a new setting. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 1109–1141, 1989
- Bolognesi DP. Immunobiology of the HIV envelope and its relationship to vaccine strategies. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 1036–1045, 1989
- Wigzell H. An introduction into the immunology of AIDS. In: Melchers F, ed.Progress in immunology VII. Springer, 1005–1015, 1989