Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis as a complication of treatment with infliximab, anti-tumor necrosis factor α neutralizing antibody

References

• Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1586–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, de Jager JP, Gough A, Kalden J, Malaise M, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:675–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1594–602.
   Google Scholar
• St Clair EW, van der Heijde DM, Smolen JS, Maini RN, Bathon JM, Emery P, et al. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3432–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresnihan B, Cunnane G. Infection complications associated with the use of biologic agents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003;29:185–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum NF, Lederman ER, Wallace MR. Infections associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005;84:291–302.
   Google Scholar
• Cush JJ. Safety overview of new disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004;30:237–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles JT, Bathon JM. Serious infections associated with anticytokine therapies in the rheumatic diseases. J Intensive Care Med, 2004;19:320–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1098–104.
   Google Scholar
• Saito K, Nakayamada S, Nakano K, Tokunaga M, Tsujimura S, Nakatsuka K, et al. Detection of Pneumocystis carinii by DNA amplification in patients with connective tissue diseases: re-evaluation of clinical features of P. carinii pneumonia in rheumatic diseases. Ftheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:479–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergin CJ, Wirth RL, Berry GJ, Castellino RA. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: CT and HRCT observations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:756–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, Hanson ME, Beenhouwer DO. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1261–5.
   Google Scholar
• Warns A, Bjorneklett A, Gaustad P. Invasive pulmonary as-pergillosis associated with infliximab therapy. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1099–100.
   Google Scholar
• Tai TL, O'Rourke KP, McWeeney M, Burke CM, Sheehan K, Barry M. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following a second infu-sion of infliximab. Ftheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:951–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velayos FS, Sandborn WJ. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during maintenance anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy with infliximab for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:657–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddik M, Meliez H, Seguy D, Viget N, Cortot A, Colombel JF. Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia following initiation of infliximab and azathioprine therapy in a patient with Crohn's dis-ease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:436–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur N, Mall TC. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with oral candidiasis after infliximab therapy for Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:1458–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg JE, Sattler FR. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In: Goldman L, Ausellio D, editors. Cecil textbook of medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2059–67.
   Google Scholar
• Andriesse GI. Pneumocystis. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, editors. Infectious diseases. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2002. p. 2405–11.
   Google Scholar
• Maurice MM, van der Graaff WL, Leow A, Breedveld FC, van Lier RA, Verweij CL. Treatment with monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody results in an accumulation of Thl CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2166–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing JF, Kachel DL, Pasula R, Martin WJ, 2nd. Gamma inter-feron stimulates rat alveolar macrophages to kill Pneumocystis carinii by L-arginine- and tumor necrosis factor-dependent mecha-nisms. Infect Immun 1999;67: 1347–52.
   Google Scholar
• Qureshi MH, Cook-Mills J, Doherty DE, Garvy BA. TNF-alpha-dependent ICAM-1- and VCAM-1-mediated inflammatory re-sponses are delayed in neonatal mice infected with Pneumocystis carinii. J Immunol 2003;171:4700–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinarello CA. Differences between anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibodies and soluble TNF receptors in host defense impairment. J Ftheumatol Suppl 2005;74:40–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catrina Al, TrolImo C, af Klint E, Engstrom M, Lampa J, Hermansson Y, et al. Evidence that anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy with both etanercept and infliximab induces apoptosis in macrophages, but not lymphocytes, in rheumatoid arthritis joints: extended report. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:61–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally LM, Jeena PM, Lalloo U, Nyamande K, Gajee K, Sturm AW, et al. Probable mother to infant transmission of Pneumocystis jiroveci from an HIV-infected woman to her HIV-uninfected in-fant. Aids 2005;19:1548–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RF, Lindley AR, Copas A, Ambrose HE, Davies RJ, Wakefield AE. Genotypic variation in Pneumocystis jirovecii iso-lates in Britain. Thorax 2005;60:679–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L, Valverde VR, Mola EM, Montero MD. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may predispose to significant increase in tuberculosis risk: a multicenter active-surveillance report. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2122–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto H. Prophylaxis for Pneumocysystis carinii pneumonia associated with autoimmune disease. In: Hashimoto H, editor. Clinical guidelines. Research on complication and therapeutic strategy of autoimmune disease. Tokyo: Kita Media; 2005. p. 14–9.
   Google Scholar
• Durand-Joly I, Chabe M, Soula F, Delhaes L, Camus D, Dei-Cas E. Molecular diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005;45:405–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Farrag N, Butcher P. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: immunofluorescence staining, simple PCR or nested PCR. J Infect 1999;39:77–80.
   Google Scholar
• Torres J, Goldman M, Wheat LJ, Tang X, Bartlett MS, Smith JW, et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with polymerase chain reaction: a blinded comparison to standard methods. Chin Infect Dis 2000;30:141–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sing A, Trebesius K, Roggenkamp A, Russmann H, Tybus K, Pfaff F, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic value and epidemiological impli-cations of PCR for Pneumocystis carinii in different immunosup-pressed and immunocompetent patient groups. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1461–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson M, Stralin K, Holmberg H. Clinical significance of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for detection of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7: 492–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer N, Chuzhin Y, Kaufman LD, Ritter JM, Rosenstein ED. Methotrexate pneumonitis after initiation of infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:670–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisman DA, McCune WJ, Tino G, Lynch JP, 3rd. Drug-induced pneumonitis: the role of methotrexate. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2001;18: 243–52.
   Google Scholar