Osteoclast cell fusion: mechanisms and molecules

References

• Bromley M, Bertfield H, Evanson JM, Woolley DE. Bidirectional erosion of cartilage in rheumatoid knee joints. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985;44:676–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuratani T, Nagata K, Kukita T, Hotokebuchi T, Nakashima A, Iijima T. Induction of abundant osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells in adjuvant arthritic rats with accompanying disor-dered high bone turnover. Histol Histopathol. 1988;13:751–9.
   Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum SL. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science. 2000;289:1504–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum SL, Ross FP. Genetic regulation of osteoclast development and function. Nat Rev Genet. 2003;4:638–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337–42.
   Google Scholar
• Vignery A. Macrophage fusion: are somatic and cancer cells possible partners? Trends Cell Biol. 2005;15:188-93.
   Google Scholar
• Chen EH, Olson EN. Unveiling the mechanisms of cell-cell fusion. Science. 2005;308:369–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon B, Aitken RJ, McLaughlin EA. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of sperm-egg interaction. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007;64:1805–23.
   Google Scholar
• Kaji K, Kudo A. The mechanism of sperm-oocyte fusion in mammals. Reproduction. 2004;127:423–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MV. Muscle differentiation: signaling cell fusion. Curr Biol. 2003;13:R964–6.
   Google Scholar
• Prisk V, Huard J. Muscle injuries and repair: the role of prosta-glandins and inflammation. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18:1243–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen EH, Grote E, Mohler W, Vignery A. Cell-cell fusion. FEBS Lett. 2007;581:2181–93.
   Google Scholar
• Kukita T, Wada N, Kukita A, Kakimoto T, Sandra F, Toh K, Nagata K, Iijima T, Horiuchi M, Matsusaki H, Hieshima K, Yoshie 0, Nomiyama H. RANKL-induced DC-STAMP is essential for osteoclastogenesis. J Exp Med. 2004;200:941–6.
   Google Scholar
• Yagi M, Miyamoto T, Sawatani Y, Iwamoto K, Hosogane N, Fujita N, Morita K, Ninomiya K, Suzuki T, Miyamoto K, Oike Y, Takeya M, Toyama Y, Suda T. DC-STAMP is essential for cell-cell fusion in osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells. J Exp Med. 2005;202:345–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylies MK, Bate M, Ruiz-Gomez M. Myogenesis: a view from Drosophila. Cell. 1998;93:921–7.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett K, Baylies MK. 3D analysis of founder cell and fusion competent myoblast arrangements outlines a new model of myoblast fusion. Dev Biol. 2007;309:113–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondesen BA, Jones KA, Glasgow WC, Pavlath GK. Inhibition of myoblast migration by prostacyclin is associated with enhanced cell fusion. FASEB J. 2007;21:3338–45.
   Google Scholar
• Vignery A. Macrophage fusion: the making of osteoclasts and giant cells. J Exp Med. 2005;202:337–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignery A. Osteoclasts and giant cells: macrophage-macrophage fusion mechanism. Int J Exp Pathol. 2000;81:291–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saginario C, Qian HY, Vignery A. Identification of an inducible surface molecule specific to fusing macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:12210–4.
   Google Scholar
• Saginario C, Sterling H, Beckers C, Kobayashi R, Solimena M, Ullu E, Vignery A. MFR, a putative receptor mediating the fusion of macrophages. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18:6213–23.
   Google Scholar
• Han X, Sterling H, Chen Y, Saginario C, Brown RI, Frazier WA, Lindberg FP, Vignery A. CD47, a ligand for the macrophage fusion receptor, participates in macrohage multinucleation. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:37984–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber JM. Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 1999;17: 657–700.
   Google Scholar
• Sterling H, Saginario C, Vignery A. CD44 occupancy prevents macrophage multinucleation. J Cell Biol. 1998;143: 837–47.
   Google Scholar
• Ohgimoto S, Tabata N, Suga S, Nishio M, Ohta H, Tsurudome M, Komada H, Kawano M, Watanabe N, Ito Y. Molecular charac-terization of fusion regulatory protein-1 (FRP-1) that induces multinucleated giant cell formation of monocytes and HIV gp160-mediated cell fusion. FRP-1 and 4F2/CD98 are identical molecules. J Immunol. 1995;155: 3585–92.
   Google Scholar
• Cui W, Cuartas E, Ke J, Zhang Q, Einarsson HB, Segdwick JD, Li J, Vignery A. CD200 and its receptor, CD200R, modulate bone mass via the differentiation of osteoclasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:14436–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbalaviele G, Chen H, Boyce BF, Mundy GR, Yoneda T. The role of cadherin in the generation of multinucleated osteoclasts from mononuclear precursors in murine marrow. J Cfin Invest. 1995;95:2757–65.
   Google Scholar
• Lemaire I, Falzoni S, Leduc N, Zhang B, Pellegatti P, Adinolfi E, Chiozzi P, Di Virgilio F. Involvement of the purinergic P2X7 receptor in the formation of multinucleated giant cells. J Immu-nol. 2006;177: 7257–65.
   Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Rho J, Jeong D, Sul JY, Kim T, Kim N, Kang JS, Miyamoto T, Suda T, Lee SK, Pignolo RJ, Koczon-Jaremko B, Lorenzo J, Choi Y. v-ATPase VO subunit d2-deficient mice exhibit impaired osteoclast fusion and increased bone formation. Nat Med. 2006;12: 1403–9.
   Google Scholar
• Boucheix C, Rubinstein E. Tetraspanins. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58:1189–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemler ME. Tetraspanin proteins mediate cellular penetration, invasion, and fusion events and define a novel type of membrane microdomain. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2003;19:397–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemler ME. Tetraspanin functions and associated microdomains. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005;6:801–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant JM, Robb L, van Spriel AB, Wright MD. Tetraspanins: molecular organizers of the leukocyte surface. Trends Immunol. 2003;24:610–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright MD, Moseley GW, van Spriel AB. Tetraspanin micro-domains in immune cell signaling and malignant disease. Tissue Antigens. 2004;64:533–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kaji K, Oda S, Shikano T, Ohnuki T, Uematsu Y, Sakagami J, Tada N, Miyazaki S, Kudo A. The gamete fusion process is defective in eggs of Cd9-deficient mice. Nat Genet. 2000;24: 279–82.
   Google Scholar
• Le Naour F, Rubinstein E, Jasmin C, Prenant M, Boucheix C. Severely reduced female fertility in CD9-deficient mice. Science. 2000;287: 319–21.
   Google Scholar
• Miyado K, Yamada G, Yamada S, Hasuwa H, Nakamura Y, Ryu F, Suzuki K, Kosai K, Inoue K, Ogura A, Okabe M, Mekada E. Requirement of CD9 on the egg plasma membrane for fertiliza-tion. Science. 2000;287:321–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachibana I, Hemler ME. Role of transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) proteins CD9 and CD81 in muscle cell fusion and myotube maintenance. J Cell Biol. 1999;146:893–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishibashi T, Ding L, Ikenaka K, Inoue Y, Miyado K, Mekada E, Baba H. Tetraspanin protein CD9 is a novel paranodal component regulating paranodal junctional formation. J Neurosci. 2004;24: 96–102.
   Google Scholar
• Ishii M, Iwai K, Koike M, Ohshima S, Kudo-Tanaka E, Ishii T, Mima T, Katada Y, Miyatake K, Uchiyama Y, Saeki Y. RANKL-induced expression of tetraspanin CD9 in lipid raft membrane microdomain is essential for cell fusion during osteoclastogene-sis. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21: 965–76.
   Google Scholar
• Yi T, Kim HJ, Cho JY, Woo KM, Ryoo HM, Kim GS, Baek JH. Tetraspanin CD9 regulates osteoclastogenesis via regulation of p44/42 MAPK activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;347: 178–84.
   Google Scholar
• Iwai K, Ishii M, Ohshima S, Miyatake K, Saeki Y. Abundant expression of tetraspanin CD9 in activated osteoclasts in ovari-ectomy-induced osteoporosis and in bone erosions of collagen-induced arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28: 225–31.
   Google Scholar
• Takeda Y, Tachibana I, Miyado K, Kobayashi M, Miyazaki T, Funakoshi T, Kimura H, Yamane H, Saito Y, Goto H, Yoneda T, Yoshida M, Kumagai T, Osaki T, Hayashi S, Kawase I, Mekada E. Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 function to prevent the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes. J Cell Biol. 2003;161: 945–56.
   Google Scholar
• Iwai K, Ishii M, Ohshima S, Miyatake K, Saeki Y. Expression and function of transmembrane-4 superfamily (tetraspanin) pro-teins in osteoclasts: reciprocal roles of Tspan-5 and NET-6 during osteoclastogenesis. Allergol Int. 2007;56: 457–63.
   Google Scholar
• Tanio Y, Yamazaki H, Kunisada T, Miyake K, Hayashi SI. CD9 molecule expressed on stromal cells is involved in osteoclasto-genesis. Exp Hematol. 1999;27: 853–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi S, Miyake K, Kinkade PW. The CD9 molecule on stromal cells. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000;38: 265–70.
   Google Scholar
• Yamane H, Tachibana I, Takeda Y, Saito Y, Tamura Y, He P, Suzuki M, Shima Y, Yoneda T, Hoshino S, Inoue K, Kijima T, Yoshida M, Kumagai T, Osaki T, Eishi Y, Kawase I. Propioni-bacterium acnes-induced hepatic granuloma formation is impaired in mice lacking tetraspanin CD9. J Pathol. 2005;206: 486–92.
   Google Scholar
• Gordón-Alonso M, Yafiez-M6 M, Barreiro 0, Alvarez S, Mufioz-Fernandez MA, Valenzuela-Fernandez A, Sanchez-Madrid F. Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 modulate HIV-1-induced membrane fusion. J Immunol. 2006;177: 5129–37.
   Google Scholar
• Yafiez-M6 M, Alfranca A, Cabanas C, Marazuela M, Tejedor R, Ursa MA, Ashman LK, de Landazuri MO, Sanchez-Madrid F. Regulation of endothelial cell motility by complexes of tetraspan molecules CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 with a3/31 integrin localized at endothelial lateral junctions. J Cell Biol. 1998;141: 791–804.
   Google Scholar
• Sterk LM, Geuijen CA, van den Berg JG, Claessen N, Weening JJ, Sonnenberg A. Association of the tetraspanin CD151 with the laminin-binding integrins (x431,4/31,0(6/34 and c(7/31 in cells in culture and in vivo. J Cell Sci. 2002;115: 1161–73.
   Google Scholar
• Cherukuri A, Shoham T, Sohn HW, Levy S, Brooks S, Carter R, Pierce SK. The tetraspanin CD81 is necessary for partitioning of coligated CD19/CD21-B cell antigen receptor complexes into signaling-active lipid rafts. J Immunol. 2004;172: 370–80.
   Google Scholar
• Cherukuri A, Carter RH, Brooks S, Bornmann W, Finn R, Dowd CS, Pierce SK. B cell signaling is regulated by induced palmi-toylation of CD81. J Biol Chem. 2004;279: 31973–82.
   Google Scholar
• Claas C, Stipp CS, Hemler ME. Evaluation of TM4SF protein complexes and their relation to lipid rafts. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 7974–84.
   Google Scholar
• Brown DA, London E. Structure and function of sphingolipid-and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. J Biol Chem. 2000;275: 17221–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kropshofer H, Spindeldreher S, Röhn TA, Platania N, Grygar C, Daniel N,lpl A, Langen H, Horejsi V, Vogt AB. Tetraspan microdomains distinct from lipid rafts enrich select peptide-MHC class II complexes. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:61–8.
   Google Scholar
• Simons K, Ikonen E. Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature. 1997;387:569–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahn R, Sudhof TC. Membrane fusion and exocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem. 1999;68:863–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernomordik LV Kozlov MM. Protein-lipid interplay in fusion and fission of biological membranes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2003;72:175–207.
   Google Scholar
• Pike LJ, Han X, Chung K-N, Gross RW. Lipid rafts are enriched in arachidonic acid and plasmenylethanolamine and their com-position is independent of caveolin-1 expression: a quantitative electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric analysis. Biochemis-try. 2002;41: 2075–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hope HR, Pike U. Phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide-uti-lizing enzymes in detergent-insoluble lipid domains. Mol Biol Cell. 1996;7:843–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller M, Zschornig 0, Ohki S, Arnold K. Fusion, leakage and surface hydrophobicity of vesicles containing phosphoinositides: influence of steric and electrostatic effects. J Membr Biol. 2003;192: 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Salaun C, James DJ, Chamberlain LH. Lipid rafts and the regu-lation of exocytosis. Traffic. 2004;5:255–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar