References
- Selmi C, Lleo A, Zuin M, Podda M, Rossaro L, Gershwin ME. Interferon a and its contribution to autoimmunity. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;7:451–6.
- Kötter I, Hamuryudan V, Oztfirk ZE, Yazici H. Interferon therapy in rheumatic diseases: state-of-the-art 2010. CUff Opin Rheu-matol. 2010;22: 278–83.
- Passos de Souza E, Teles Evangelista Segundo P, Freire José F, Lemaire D, Santiago M. Rheumatoid arthritis induced by a-interferon therapy. Clin Rheumatol. 2001;20:297–9.
- The Japan Society of Hepatology. 2007 guidelines for the treat-ment of chronic hepatitis. Tokyo: The Japan Society of Hepa-tology; 2007.
- Sakamoto S, Okanoue T, Itoh Y, Takami S, Yasui K, Kagawa K, et al. Virological and clinico-pathological studies of 2nd anti-HCV positive individuals showing normal liver tests. Kanzo. 1994;35:580–6.
- Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent pre-dictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohep-atitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1356–62.
- Inoue E, Yamanaka H, Hara M, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N. Com-parison of Disease Activity Score (DAS)28- erythrocyte sedi-mentation rate and DA528- C-reactive protein threshold values. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66: 407–9.
- Yamamoto S. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheuma-tology (Tokyo). 2000;24:213–21.
- Tanaka J, Kumagai J, Katayama K, Komiya Y, Mizui M, Yamanaka R, et al. Sex- and age-specific carriers of hepatitis B and C viruses in Japan estimated by the prevalence in the 3,485,648 first-time blood donors during 1995-2000. Intervirol-ogy. 2004;47:32–40.
- Datz C, Cramp M, Haas T, Dietze 0, Nitschko H, Froesner G, et al. The natural course of hepatitis C virus infection 18 years after an epidemic outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in a plas-mapheresis centre. Gut. 1999;44: 563–7.
- Chen SL, Morgan TR. The natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci. 2006;3:47–52.
- Saag KG, Teng GG, Patkar NM, Anuntiyo J, Finney C, Curtis JR, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations for the use of nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:762–84.
- Nissen MJ, Fontanges E, Allam Y, Zoulim F, Trépo C, Miossec P. Rheumatological manifestations of hepatitis C: incidence in a rheumatology and non-rheumatology setting and the effect of methotrexate and interferon. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44: 1016–20.
- The Japan College of Rheumatology 2011 guidelines on the use of methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis in Japan. Japan College of Rheumatology Group for the Development of Guidelines on the Use of methotrexate (MTX). Tokyo: Yodosha; 2011. p. 16–7.
- The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 2011 guidelines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. 2011. http://www.jsh.or.jp/ medical/documents/HVC1-7.pdf.
- Zein NN, Etanercept Study Group. Etanercept as an adjuvant to interferon and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol. 2005;42:315–22.
- Cansu De, Kalifoglu T, Korkmaz C. Short-term course of chronic hepatitis B and C under treatment with etanercept asso-ciated with different disease modifying antirheumatic drugs without antiviral prophylaxis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:421–4.
- Ferri C, Govoni M, Calabrese L. The A, B, Cs of viral hepatitis in the biologic era. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010;22:443–50.
- Calabrese LH, Zein N, Vassilopoulos D. Safety of antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in patients with chronic viral infections: hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV infection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(Suppl II):ii18–24.
- Ferri C, Ferraccioli G, Ferrari D, Galeazzi M, Lapadula G, Montecucco C, et al. Safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1944–9.
- Li S, Kaur PP, Chan V, Berney S. Use of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) antagonists infiiximab, etanercept, and adalimumab in patients with concurrent rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B or hepatitis C: a retrospective record review of 11 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:787–91.
- Urata Y, Uesato R, Tanaka D, Kowatari K, Nitobe T, Nakamura Y, et al. Prevalence of reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21:16–23.
- Calabrese LH, Zein N. Biologic agents and liver toxicity: an added concern or therapeutic opportunity? Nat Clin Pract Rheu-matol. 2007;3:422–3.
- Reimold A, Palmer BF. Viruses and arthritis: new challenges in diagnosis, therapy, and immunization. Am J Med Sci. 2010; 339:549–56.