Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Bioenergy in Ontario, Canada

References

• Lave, L.B.; Griffin, M.; MacLean, H. The Ethanol Answer to Carbon Emissions; Issues Sci. Technol. 2001, 18, 73–78.
   Google Scholar
• Life Cycle Assessment of Integrated Biorefinery-Cropping Systems: All Biomass Is Local; available at http://www.farmfoundation.org/projects/documents/dale.ppt (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Report on Energy Supply—Demand in Canada; Report No. 57-003-XIB; Statistics Canada: Ottawa, Ontario Canada, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory; available at Environment Canada Web site at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/inventory_report/2003_report/sum_e.cfm#s4_2 (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Electricity Generation Energy Use, Generation and GHG Emissions by Energy Source; available at http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/tablestrends2/egen_on_1_e_3.cfm?attr=0 (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Exploring the Potential for Biomass Power in Ontario-A Response to the OPA Supply Mix Advice Report; available at BIOCAP Canada Foundation Web site at http://www.biocap.ca/files/Ont_bioenergy_OPA_Feb23_final.pdf (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A.L.; Rhodes, J.S.; Keith, D.W. Assessment of Potential Carbon Dioxide Reductions due to Biomass-Coal Cofiring in the United States; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 5081–5089.
   Google Scholar
• Cofiring Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers; available at National Renewable Energy Laboratory Web site at http://www.fwc.com/publications/heat/heat_pdf/coal_fired.pdf (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Energy. The Production and Consumption Mix for 2003. Office of Energy Supply, Ontario Ministry of Energy: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• McGuinty Government Delivers a Balanced Plan for Ontario’s Electricity Future; available at Ontario Ministry of Energy Web site at http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=english.news&body=yes&news_id=134 (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Biofuels for Transportation: Global Potential and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture and Energy in the 21st Century; Prepared for the German Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) in coordination with the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the German Agency of Renewable Resources (FNR); Prepared by World Watch Institute: Washington, DC, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Farrel, A.E.; Plevin, R.J.; Turner, B.T.; Jones, A.D. O’Hare, M.; Kammen, D.M. Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals. Science 2006, 311, 507–508.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Regulation 535/05 Ethanol in Gasoline; available at Ontario Ministry of the Environment Web site at http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/ethanol/index.htm (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Energy. Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations; TR-109496; Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Aden, A.; Ruth, M.; Ibsen, K.; Jechura, J.; Neeves, K.; Sheehan, J.; Wallace, B.; Montague, L.; Slayton, A.; Lukas, J. Cellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover; NREL/TP-510– 32438; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Levelton. Assessment of Net Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Ethanol-Blended Gasoline in Canada: Lignocellulosic Feedstocks; Prepared for Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; File 499-0893; Levelton Engineering Ltd.: Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Tillman, D.; Hughes, E. EPRI Guidelines for Coring Biomass and Coal; Technical Report: TR-108952; Electric Power Research Institute: Palo Alto, CA, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Sami, M.; Annamalai, K.; Wooldridge, M. Co-Firing of Coal and Bio-mass Fuel Blends; Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2001, 27, 171–214.
   Google Scholar
• Boylan, D.M. Southern Company Tests of Wood/Coal Co-Firing in Pulverized Coal Units; Biomass Bioenergy. 1996, 10, 139–147.
   Google Scholar
• Swanekamp, R. Biomass Co-Firing Technology Debuts in Recent Test Burn; Power 1995, 139, 51–53.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, M.C.; Keoleian, G.A.; Mann, M.K.; Volk, T.A. Life Cycle Energy and Environmental Benefits of Generating Electricity from Willow Biomass; Renew. Energy 2004, 29, 1023–1042.
   Google Scholar
• Ney, R.A.; Schnoor, J.L. Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Substituting Switchgrass for Coal in Electric Generation: The Chariton Valley Biomass Project; Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa: Iowa City, IA, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, M.K.; Spath, P.L. The Net CO2 Emissions and Energy Balances of Biomass and Coal-Fired Power System; available at National Renewable Energy Laboratory Web site: http://devafdc.nrel.gov/pdfs/7688.pdf (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, E.E. Utility Coal-biomass Cofiring Tests. Session 4-Global Climate Change. In Proceedings of Advanced Coal-based Power and Environmental Systems ’ 98 Conference, Morgantown, WV, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, N.; Celik, F.E.; Dale, B.; Jackson, M.; Jayawardhana, K.; Jin, H.; Larson, E.; Laser, M.; Lynd, L.; Mackenzie, D.; Mark, J.; McBride, J.; McLaughlin, S.; Sarccardi, D. Growing Energy: How Biofuels Can Help End America’s Oil Dependence; The Natural Resources Defense Council, December 2004; available at http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/bio-fuels.pdf (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. GHGenius Model 3.2; Prepared by (S&T)2 Consultants Inc.; available at http://www.ghgenius.ca/downloads/GHGenius32.zip (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Spatari, S.; Zhang, Y.; MacLean, H. Life Cycle Assessment of Switch-grass- and Corn Stover-Derived Ethanol-Fueled Automobiles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9750–9758.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan, J.; Aden, A.; Paustian, K.; Killian, K.; Brenner, J.; Walsh, M.; Nelson, R. Energy and Environmental Aspects of Using Corn Stover for Fuel Ethanol; J. Ind. Ecol. 2003, 7, 117–146.
   Google Scholar
• Wooley, R.; Ruth, M.; Sheehan, J.; Ibsen, K.; Majdeski, H.; Galvez, A. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Current and Futuristic Scenarios; Contract No. DE-AC36-39-G010337; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Lynd, L.R.; Elander R.T.; Wyman, C.E. Likely Features and Costs of Mature Biomass Ethanol Technology; Biotechnol. Appl. Bioc. 1996, 57/58, 741–761.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment—Examples of Application of ISO 14041 to Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis; ISO/TR14049; International Organization for Standardization: 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Patel-Predd, P. Overcoming the Hurdles to Producing Ethanol from Cellulose; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 4052–4053.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Power Generation Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Personal Communication with Public Affairs—Fossil Generation, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• West Virginia Miners’ Health Safety and Training Web Site. West Virginia Coal Mining Facts; available at http://www.wvminesafety.org/wvcoalfacts.htm (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Bergerson, J.; Lave, L. Should We Transport Coal, Gas, or Electricity: Cost, Efficiency, and Environmental Implications; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5905–5910.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Coal-Fired Electricity Generation in Ontario; available at http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/techdocs/4016e.pdf (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Power Generation Inc. Sustainable Development Report-2004; available at http://www.opg.com/envComm/SED_04report.pdf (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Environment Canada. 2004 National Pollutant Release Inventory Data; available at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S.; Dale, B.E. Cumulative Energy and Global Warming Impact from the Production of Biomass for Bio-Based Products; J. Ind. Ecol. 2004, 7, 147–162.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, B. Estimating the Nutrient Value in Corn and Soybean Stover; available at http://www.extension.iastate.edu/allamokee/stovervalue.pdf (accessed 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Heard, J.; Cavers, C.; Adrian, G.; Caron, D.; Arnott, R.; Watson, K. The Nutrient Loss with Straw Removal or Burning in Manitoba; Manitoba Agriculture and Food; available at http://news.farmca.com/octdec2001/strawstudy.html (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Tillman, D. Biomass Cofiring: The Technology, the Experience, the Combustion Consequences; Biomass Bioenergy 2000, 19, 365–384.
   Google Scholar
• Integrated Emission Control Model (IECM) Version 5.02; Carnegie Mellon University; available at http://www.iecm-online.com/ (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Nordin, A. Chemical Elemental Characteristics of Biomass Fuels; Bio-mass Bioenergy 1994, 6, 339–347
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, Version 1.6; Argonne National Laboratory: Argonne, IL, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada & Forest Products Association of Canada. Estimated Production, Consumption and Surplus, Mill Wood Residues in Canada; Prepared by BW McCloy & Association and Climate Change Solutions; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, M.; Perlack, R.; Turhollow, A.;De La Torre Ugarte, D.; Becker, D.; Grahama, R.; Slinsky, S.; Ray, D. Biomass Feedstock Availability in the United States: 1999 State Level Analysis; available at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Web site at http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/resourcedata/index.html (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Agricultural Information Contact Center, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Personal communication, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs. Field Crop Statistics; available at Ontario Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs Web site: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/stats/crops/index.html (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs. Field Crop Production-Understanding the Basics; available at Ontario Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs Web site at http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/environment/field/basics.htm (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Perlack, R.; Turhollow, A. Assessment of the Options for the Collection, Handling, and Transport of Corn Stover; Report No. ORNL/TM-2002/44; Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Oak Ridge, TN, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Helwig, T.; Jannasch, R.; Samson, R.; DeMaio, A.; Caumartin, D. Agricultural Biomass Residue Inventories and Conversion Systems for Energy Production in Eastern Canada- Final Report; Contract No. 23348-016095/ 001/SQ; Prepared for Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, P.; Dikeman, M.; Fritz, J.; Wailes, E.; Gauthier, W.; Shapouri, H. Supply and Social Cost Estimates for Biomass from Crop Residues in the United States; Environ; Resour. Econ. 2003, 24, 335–358.
   Google Scholar
• Sokhansanj, S.; Turh w, A.; Perlack, R. Stochastic Modeling of Costs of Corn Stover Costs Delivered to an Intermediate Storage Facility; ASAE Meeting Presentation, Chicago, IL, July 2002, pp 28-31; Paper No. 024190.
   Google Scholar
• Economics Research Group, Ridgetown College, University of Guelph. Update on Farm Input Prices 2005; available at http://www.ontariocorn.org/magazine/Archives/older%20issues/archived%20issues/2006/03%20March/F6=0306.html (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Stumborg, M. Sustainable Production and Harvest of Biomass Feedstocks; Presented at the Bio-Logical Futures Conference: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kyle, J. Grazier Specialist, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Personal communication, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of Energy. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Replacing Ontario’s Coal-Fired Electricity Generation; available at Ontario Ministry of Energy Web site at http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/electricity/Cost%20Benefit%20Analysis%20DSS%20Report%20-%20Executive% 20Summary.pdf (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Littge, R.O.; Jenkins, B.M.; Miles, T.R.; Baxter, L.L. Biomass Fuels Database; Final Report WO 4269-03; Electric Power Research Institute: Palo Alto, CA, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• General Motors, Mike Ricciuto, General Motors of Canada Limited, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. Personal communication, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, W.R.; Griffin, M.W.; Matthews, S.H. Modeling Switchgrass Derived Cellulosic Ethanol Distribution in the United States; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2877–2886.
   Google Scholar
• Oil and Gas-Frequently Asked Questions, Gasoline Pricing; available at Ontario Ministry of Energy Web site at http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=oilandgas.faqs&subtopic=gaspricing#question_9 (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Power Authority. Supply Mix-Advice Report; available at Ontario Ministry of Energy Web site at http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/electricity/Part%201-1%20Supply%20Mix%20Summary.pdf (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Lyng, R. Coal Electricity Production Cost in Ontario; Ontario Power Generation Inc: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• SO2 Allowance Price Index (1995–2004); available at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Web site at http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/trading/so2market/alprices.html (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kampman, B; de Bruyn, S; den Boer, E. Cost Effectiveness of CO2 Mitigation in Transport; Publication No. 06.4184.20; Report prepared by CE Netherlands: Delft, the Netherlands, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Layzell, D.; Stephen, J. Chapter 11: Linking Biomass Energy to Biosphere Greenhouse Management. In Climate Change and Managed Ecosystems; Bhatti, J.S., Lal, R., Apps, M.J., Eds.; CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, 2006; pp 218–230.
   Google Scholar