Characteristics of Indoor Aerosols in Residential Homes in Urban Locations: A Case Study in Singapore

References

• Pope, C.A.; Dockery, D.W.; Schwartz, J. Review of Epidemiological Evidence of Health-Effects of Particulate Air-Pollution; Inhal. Toxicol. 1995, 7, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Brunekreef, B.; Holgate, S.T. Air Pollution and Health; Lancet 2002, 360, 1233–1242.
   Google Scholar
• Brauer, M.; Brumm, J.; Vedal, S.; Petkau, A.J. Exposure Misclassification and Threshold Concentrations in Time Series Analyses of Air Pollution Health Effects; Risk Anal. 2002, 22, 1183–1193.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Volumes I–III; EPA/600/P-95/001; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Kamens, R.; Lee, C.T.; Wiener, R.; Leith, D. A Study to Characterize Indoor Particles in 3 Nonsmoking Homes; Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25, 939–948.
   Google Scholar
• Mukerjee, S.; Ellenson, W.D.; Lewis, R.G.; Stevens, R.K.; Somerville, M.C.; Shadwick, D.S.; Willis, R.D. An Environmental Scoping Study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. 3. Residential Microenviron-mental Monitoring for Air, House Dust, and Soil; Environ. Int. 1997, 23, 657–673.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L.; Howard-Reed, C. Continuous Monitoring of Ultrafine, Fine, and Coarse Particles in a Residence for 18 Months in 1999–2000;J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 828–844.
   Google Scholar
• Wigzell, E.; Kendall, M.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter within the Home; J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidem. 2000, 10, 307–314.
   Google Scholar
• Fromme, H.; Lahrz, T.; Hainsch, A.; Oddoy, A.; Piloty, M.; Ruden, H. Elemental Carbon and Respirable Particulate Matter in the Indoor Air of Apartments and Nursery Schools and Ambient Air in Berlin (Germany); Indoor Air 2005, 15, 335–341.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, T.; Hameri, K.; Heikkinen, M.S.A., Kulmala, M. Indoor and Outdoor Particle Size Characterization at a Family House in Espoo-Finland; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3697–3709.
   Google Scholar
• He, C.R.; Morawska, L.; Hitchins, J.; Gilbert, D. Contribution from Indoor Sources to Particle Number and Mass Concentrations in Residential Houses; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3405–3415.
   Google Scholar
• Morawska, L.; He, C.; Hitchins, J.; Mengersen, K.; Gilbert, D. Characteristics of Particle Number and Mass Concentrations in Residential Houses in Brisbane, Australia; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4195–4203.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C.S. Elemental Composition of Residential Indoor PM10 in the Urban Atmosphere of Taipei; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 3139–3144.
   Google Scholar
• Nitta, H.; Ichikawa, M.; Sato, M.; Konishi, S.; Ono, M. A New Approach Based on a Covariance Structure Model to Source Apportionment of Indoor Fine Particles in Tokyo; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 631–636.
   Google Scholar
• Tung, T.C.W., Chao, C.Y.H., Burnett, J.; Pang, S.W.; Lee, R.Y.M. A Territory Wide Survey on Indoor Particulate Level in Hong Kong; Build. Environ. 1999, 34, 213–220.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, C.Y. Wong, K.K. Residential Indoor PM10 and PM2 . 5 in Hong Kong and the Elemental Composition; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 265–277.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S.C.; Guo, H.; Li, W.M.; Chan, L.Y. Inter-Comparison of Air Pollutant Concentrations in Different Indoor Environments in Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1929–1940.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. Indoor Particles: a Review; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 98–126.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, R.T.; Smith-Doiron, M.; Stieb, D.; Cakmak, S.; Brook, J.R. Effects of Particulate and Gaseous Air Pollution on Cardiorespiratory Hospitalizations; Arch. Environ. Health 1999, 54, 130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M.S.; Burnett, R.T.; Bailar, J.C.; Brook, J.; Bonvalot, Y.; Tamblyn, R.; Singh, R.; Valois, M.F.; Vincent, R. The Association between Daily Mortality and Ambient Air Particle Pollution in Montreal, Quebec 2. Cause-Specific Mortality; Environ. Res. 2001, 86, 26–36.
   Google Scholar
• James, A.C.; Stahlhofen, W.; Rudolf, G.; Egan, M.J.; Nixon, W.; Gehr P.; Briant, J.K. The Respiratory-Tract Deposition Model Proposed by the ICRP Task Group; Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1991, 38, 159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Kreyling, W.G.; Semmler, M.; Erbe, F.; Mayer, P.; Takenaka, S.; Schulz H.; Oberdorster, G.; Ziesenis, A. Translocation of Ultrafine Insoluble Iridium Particles from Lung Epithelium to Extrapulmonary Organs Is Size Dependent but Very Low; J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2002, 65, 1513–1530.
   Google Scholar
• Kiss, G.; Varga-Puchony, Z.; Rohrbacher, G.; Hlavey, J. Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Atmospheric Aerosol Particles of Different Sizes; Atmos. Res. 1998, 46, 253–261.
   Google Scholar
• Matson, U. Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles in Some Scandinavian Rural and Urban Areas; Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 343, 169–176.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. Indoor Sources of Ultrafine and Accumulation Mode Particles: Size Distributions, Size-Resolved Concentrations, and Source Strengths; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 348–360.
   Google Scholar
• Lighty, J.S.; Veranth, J.M.; Sarofim, A.F. Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1565–1618.
   Google Scholar
• Morawska, L.; Zhang, J.F. Combustion Sources of Particles. 1. Health Relevance and Source Signatures; Chemosphere 2002, 49, 1045–1058.
   Google Scholar
• Monn, Ch.; Fuchs, A.; Kogelschatz, D.; Wanner, H.U. Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of PM-10 and PM-2.5; J. Aerosol Sci . 1995, 26, S515–S516.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, W.G. An Overview of PM2 . 5 Sources and Control Strategies; Fuel Process. Technol. 2000, 65, 379–392.
   Google Scholar
• Koistinen, K.J.; Edwards, R.D.; Mathys, P.; Ruuskanen, J.; Kunzli, N.; Jantunen, M.J. Sources of Fine Particulate Matter in Personal Exposures and Residential Indoor, Residential Outdoor and Workplace Microenvironments in the Helsinki Phase of the EXPOLIS Study; Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2004, 30, 36–46.
   Google Scholar
• Thatcher, T.L.; Layton, D.W. Deposition, Resuspension, and Penetration of Particles within a Residence; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 1487–1497.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnat, S.E.; Coull, B.A.; Ruiz, P.A.; Koutrakis, P.; Suh, H.H. The Influences of Ambient Particle Composition and Size on Particle Infiltration in Los Angeles, CA, Residences; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 186–196.
   Google Scholar
• See, S.W.; Balasubramanian, R. Risk Assessment of Exposure to Indoor Aerosols Associated with Chinese Cooking; Environ. Res. 2006, 102, 197–204.
   Google Scholar
• Karthikeyan, S.; Balasubramanian, R. Determination of Water-Soluble Inorganic and Organic Species in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter; Microchem. J. 2006, 82, 49–55.
   Google Scholar
• Karthikeyan, S.; Joshi, U.M.; Balasubramanian, R. Microwave Assisted Sample Preparation for Determining Water-Soluble Fraction of Trace Elements in Urban Airborne Particulate Matter: Evaluation of Bioavail-ability; Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 576, 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• See, S.W.; Balasubramanian, R.; Wang, W. A Study of the Physical, Chemical and Optical Properties of Ambient Aerosol Particles in Southeast Asia during Hazy and Non-Hazy Days; J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, D10508.
   Google Scholar
• See, S.W.; Balasubramanian, R. Emissions of Ultrafine Particles from Different Gas Cooking Methods; Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2006, 6, 82–92.
   Google Scholar
• See, S.W.; Karthikeyan, S.; Balasubramanian, R. Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Particulate-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Chinese, Malay, and Indian Cooking; J. Environ. Monit. 2006, 8, 369–376.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L.; Williams, R. Use of Personal-Indoor-Outdoor Sulfur Concentrations to Estimate the Infiltration Factor and Outdoor Exposure Factor for Individual Homes and Persons; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 1707–1714.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, C.Y.H.; Tung, T.C.W.; Burnett, J. Influence of Different Indoor Activities on the Indoor Particulate Levels in Residential Buildings; Indoor Built Environ. 1998, 7, 110–121.
   Google Scholar
• Morawska, L.; He, C.R.; Hitchins, J.; Gilbert, D.; Parappukkaran, S. The Relationship between Indoor and Outdoor Airborne Particles in the Residential Environment; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 3463–3473.
   Google Scholar
• Dennekamp, M.; Howarth, S.; Dick, C.A.J., Cherrie, J.W.; Donaldson,K.; Seaton, A. Ultrafine Particles and Nitrogen Oxides Generated by Gas and Electric Cooking; Occup. Environ. Med. 2001, 58, 511–516.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, S.J.; Kibrya, R.; Brimblecombe, P. A Particle Accumulation Study during the Reconstruction of the Great Court, British Museum;J. Cultural Heritage 2002, 3, 283–287.
   Google Scholar
• Nazaroff, W.W. Indoor Particle Dynamics; Indoor Air 2004, 14, 175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, P.J.; Carlin, R.A.; Prather, K.A. Single Particle Analysis of Suspended Soil Dust from Southern California; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 1811–1820.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, J.M.; Callen, M.S.; Murillo, R.; Garcia, T.; Navarro, M.V.; de la Cruz, M.T.; Mastral, A.M. Levels of Selected Metals in Ambient Air PM10 in an Urban Site of Zaragoza (Spain); Environ. Res. 2005, 99, 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Pellizzari, E.D.; Clayton, C.A.; Rodes, C.E.; Mason, R.E.; Piper, L.L.; Fort, B.; Pfeifer, G.; Lynam, D. Particulate Matter and Manganese Exposures in Toronto, Canada; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 721–734.
   Google Scholar
• Madany, I.M.; Akhter, M.S.; Jowder, O.A.A. The Correlations between Heavy-Metals in Residential Indoor Dust and Outdoor Street Dust in Bahrain; Environ. Int. 1994, 20, 483–492.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C.J.; Lingingston, D.; Doolittle, D.J. An International Literature Survey of “IARC Group I Carcinogens” Reported in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke; Food Chem. Toxicol. 1997, 35, 1107–1130.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, D.; Landsberger, S.; Larson, S.M. Evaluation of Elemental Cadmium as a Marker for Environmental Tobacco-Smoke; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 2311–2316.
   Google Scholar
• Jellesen, M.S.; Rasmussen, A.A.; Hilbert, L.R. A Review of Meal Release in the Food Industry; Mater. Corros. 2006, 57, 387–393.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N.C.; Thornton, C.A.; Mark, D.; Harrison, R.M. Indoor/Outdoor Relationships of Particulate Matter in Domestic Homes with Roadside, Urban and Rural Locations; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2603–2612.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, M.D.; Chang, M.H.; Sioutas, C.; Ostro, B.D.; Lipsett, M.J. Indoor/Outdoor Relationship and Chemical Composition of Fine and Coarse Particles in the Southern California Deserts; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1099–1110.
   Google Scholar
• Urban Air Quality in the United Kingdom. Quality of Urban Air Review Group, Department of Environment: London, U.K., 1993.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, J.D.; Zielinska, B.; Fujita, E.M.; Sagebiel, J.C.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G. Emissions from Charbroiling and Grilling of Chicken and Beef. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 185–194.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T.J.; Davis, M.E.; Reaser, P.; Natkin, J.; Hart, J.E.; Laden, F.; Heff,A.; Garshick, E. Overview of Particulate Exposures in the US Trucking Industry; J. Environ. Monit. 2006, 8, 711–720.
   Google Scholar
• Abt, E.; Suh, H.H.; Catalano, P.; Koutrakis, P. Relative Contribution of Outdoor and Indoor Particle Sources to Indoor Concentrations; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3579–3587.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Fujita, E.M.; Lu, Z.Q.; Lawson, D.R.; Ashbaugh, L.L. Temporal and Spatial Variations of PM2 . 5 and PM10 Aero sol in the Southern California Air Quality Study; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 2061–2080.
   Google Scholar