EPA Supersites Program-Related Emissions-Based Particulate Matter Modeling: Initial Applications and Advances

References

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PM Supersites Information; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/supersites.html (accessed November 6, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, P.A.; Hopke, P.K.; Froines, J.; Scheff, R. Key Scientific and Policy- and Health-Relevant Findings from EPA’s Particulate Matter Supersites Program and Related Studies: an Integration of Synthesis and Results; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, S.Y.; Allen, D.T. Chlorine Chemistry in Urban Atmospheres: Aerosol Formation Associated with Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions in Southeast Texas; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S512–S523.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, J.W.; Zhang, R.Y.; Li, G.H.; Nielsen-Gammon, J.; Li, Z.Q. Simulations of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Houston, Texas; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005805.
   Google Scholar
• Karydis, V.A.; Tsimpidi, A.P.; Pandis, S.N. Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model (PMCAMx) in the Eastern United States for All Four Seasons; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007, 112, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007890.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, T.E.; Pandis, S.N. Predicted Secondary Organic Aerosol Concentrations from the Oxidation of Isoprene in the Eastern United States; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 3984–3990.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, T.E.; Pinder, R.W.; Shrivastava, M.; Robinson, A.L.; Pandis, S.N. Source Contributions to Primary Organic Aerosol: Comparison of the Results of a Source-Resolved Model and the Chemical Mass Balance Approach; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 3758–3776.
   Google Scholar
• Gaydos, T.M.; Pinder, R.; Koo, B.; Fahey, K.M.; Yarwood, G.; Pandis, S.N. Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Aerosol Chemical Transport Model, PMCAMx; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 2594–2611.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Dominguez, A. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Marmur, A.; Park, S.K.; Mulholland, J.A.; Tolbert, P.E.; Russell, A.G. Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States using Receptor and Emissions-Based Models: Conceptual Differences and Implications for Time-Series Health Studies; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 2533–2551.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.K.; Marmur, A.; Kim, S.B.; Tian, D.; Hu, Y.T.; McMurry, P.H.; Russell, A.G. Evaluation of Fine Particle Number Concentrations in CMAQ; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 985–996.
   Google Scholar
• Seigneur, C. Current Status of Air Quality Models for Particulate Matter; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 1508–1521.
   Google Scholar
• Byun, D.; Schere, K. Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System; Appl. Mech. Rev. 2006, 59, 51–77.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Pun, B.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Wu, S.Y.; Seigneur, C.; Pandis, S.N.; Jacobson, M.Z.; Nenes, A.; Seinfeld, J.H. Development and Application of the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution (MADRID); J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2004, 109, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003501.
   Google Scholar
• Pun, B.K.; Griffin, R.J.; Seigneur, C.; Seinfeld, J.H. Secondary Organic Aerosol 2. Thermodynamic Model for Gas/Particle Partitioning of Molecular Constituents; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2002, 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000542.
   Google Scholar
• Gaydos, T.M.; Pinder, R.W.; Koo, B.; Fahey, K.M.; Yarwood, G.; Pandis, S.N. Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model, PMCAMx+; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 2594–2611.
   Google Scholar
• Nenes, A.; Pandis, S.N.; Pilinis, C. ISORROPIA: a New Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model for Multiphase Multicomponent Inorganic Aerosols; Aquatic Geochem. 1998, 4, 123–152.
   Google Scholar
• Nenes, A.; Pandis, S.N.; Pilinis, C. Continued Development and Testing of a New Thermodynamic Aerosol Module for Urban and Regional Air Quality Models; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 1553–1560.
   Google Scholar
• Schell, B.; Ackermann, I.J.; Hass, H.; Binkowski, F.S.; Ebel, A. Modeling the Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol within a Comprehensive Air Quality Model System; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2001, 106, 28275–28293.
   Google Scholar
• Whitby, E.R.; McMurry, P.H. Modal Aerosol Dynamics Modeling; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1997, 27, 673–688.
   Google Scholar
• Gelbard, F.; Tambour, Y.; Seinfeld, J.H. Sectional Representations for Simulating Aerosol Dynamics; J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1980, 76, 541–556.
   Google Scholar
• Gelbard, F.; Seinfeld, J.H. Simulation of Multicomponent Aerosol Dynamics; J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1980, 78, 485–501.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, S.C.; Dennis, R.; Roselle, S.; Nenes, A.; Walker, J.; Eder, B.; Schere,K.; Swall, J.; Robarge, W. An Assessment of the Ability of Three-Dimensional Air Quality Models with Current Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models to Predict Aerosol NO3; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004718.
   Google Scholar
• Gilliland, A.B.; Dennis, R.L.; Roselle, S.J.; Pierce, T.E. Seasonal NH3 Emission Estimates for the Eastern United States Based on Ammonium Wet Concentrations and an Inverse Modeling Method; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003, 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003063.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R.E.; Koo, B.; Guenther, A.; Yarwood, G.; McNally, D.; Tesche, T.W.; Tonnesen, G.; Boylan, J.; Brewer, P. Model Sensitivity Evaluation for Organic Carbon Using Two Multi-Pollutant Air Quality Models that Simulate Regional Haze in the Southeastern United States; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 4960–4972.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R.; Koo, B.; Wang, B. Preliminary 2002 PM Modeling Performance Evaluation using CMAQ and CAMX. Presented at the Joint Workgroup Meeting of the St. Louis 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 Study, St. Louis, MO, September 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R.E.; McNally, D.E.; Tesche, T.W.; Tonnesen, G.; Boylan, J.W.; Brewer, P. Preliminary Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air, Quality Model for 2002 over the Southeastern United States; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55, 1694–1708.
   Google Scholar
• Technical Support Document for the Final Clean Air Interstate Rule: Air Quality Modeling; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R.; Koo, B. WRAP Multi-Model Evaluation using the 1996 36 km Section 309 Database. Presented at the National Regional Planning Organizations Modeling Meeting, Denver, CO, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Dunker, A.M. Efficient Calculation of Sensitivity Coefficients for Complex Atmospheric Models. Atmos. Environ. 1981, 15, 1155–1161.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y.J.; Wilkinson, J.G.; Russell, A.G. Fast, Direct Sensitivity Analysis of Multidimensional Photochemical Models; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 2859–2868.
   Google Scholar
• Koo, B.; Dunker, A.M.; Yarwood, G. Implementing the Decoupled Direct Method for Sensitivity Analysis in a Particulate Matter Air Quality Model; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2847–2854.
   Google Scholar
• Napelenok, S.L.; Cohan, D.S.; Hu, Y.T.; Russell, A.G. Decoupled Direct 3D Sensitivity Analysis for Particulate Matter (DDM-3D/PM); Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 6112–6121.
   Google Scholar
• Boylan, J.W.; Odman, M.T.; Wilkinson, J.G.; Russell, A.G.; Doty, K.G.; Norris, W.B.; McNider, R.T. Development of a Comprehensive, Multiscale “One-Atmosphere” Modeling System: Application to the Southern Appalachian Mountains; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 3721–3734.
   Google Scholar
• Dunker, A.M.; Yarwood, G.; Ortmann, J.P.; Wilson, G.M. Comparison of Source Apportionment and Source Sensitivity of Ozone in a Three-Dimensional Air Quality Model; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 2953–2964.
   Google Scholar
• Hakami, A.; Odman, M.T.; Russell, A.G. High-Order, Direct Sensitivity Analysis of Multidimensional Air Quality Models; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2442–2452.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Chameides, W.L.; Weber, R.; Cass, G.; Orsini, D.; Edgerton, E.; Jongejan, P.; Slanina, J. An Evaluation of the Thermodynamic Equilibrium Assumption for Fine Particulate Composition: Nitrate and Ammonium during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2002, 108, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001592.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, A.G.; McRae, G.J.; Cass, G.R. Aerosol Nitrate Dynamics in an Urban Basin; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1983, 2, 179.
   Google Scholar
• McMurry, P.; Shepherd, M.; Vickery, J. Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: a NARSTO Assessment; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Takahama, S.; Wittig, A.E.; Vayenas, D.V.; Davidson, C.I.; Pandis, S.N. Modeling the Diurnal Variation of Nitrate during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2004, 109, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004149.
   Google Scholar
• Vayenas, D.V.; Takahama, S.; Davidson, C.I.; Pandis, S.N. Simulation of the Thermodynamics and Removal Processes in the Sulfate-Ammonia-Nitric Acid System during Winter: Implications for PM2.5 Control Strategies; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005038.
   Google Scholar
• Gaydos, T.M.; Stanier, C.O.; Pandis, S.N. Modeling of in Situ Ultrafine Atmospheric Particle Formation in the Eastern United States; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004683.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, J.G.; Adams, P.J.; Pandis, S.N. Simulating the Size Distribution and Chemical Composition of Ultrafine Particles during Nucleation Events; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 2248–2259.
   Google Scholar
• Woo, K.S.; Chen, D.R.; Pui, D.Y.H.; McMurry, P.H. Measurement of Atlanta Aerosol Size Distributions: Observations of Ultrafine Particle Events; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 75–87.
   Google Scholar
• Stanier, C.O.; Khlystov, A.Y. Pandis, S.N. Nucleation Events during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Description and Relation to Key Meteorological, Gas Phase, and Aerosol Parameters; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 253–264.
   Google Scholar
• Wexler, A.S.; Clegg, S.L. Atmospheric Aerosol Models for Systems Including the Ions H+, NH4 +, Na+, SO4 2–, NO3 –, Cl–, Br–, and H2O; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2002, 107, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000451.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, S.C.; Dennis, R.; Roselle, S.; Nenes, A.; Walker, J.; Eder, B.; Schere, K.; Swall, J.; Robarge, W. An Assessment of the Ability of Three-Dimensional Air Quality Models with Current Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models to Predict Aerosol NO3; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004718.
   Google Scholar
• Harley, R.A.; Russell, A.G.; McRae, G.J.; Cass, G.R.; Seinfeld, J.H. Photochemical Modeling of the Southern California Air Quality Study; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 378–388.
   Google Scholar
• Wexler, A.S.; Seinfeld, J.H. Analysis of Aerosol Ammonium-Nitrate -Departures from Equilibrium during SCAQS; Atmos. Environ. 1992, 26, 579–591.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, P.A.; Magliano, K.L. The 1995-Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95) of the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS): Study Overview; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 4747–4756.
   Google Scholar
• McKeen, S.A.; Hsie, E.; Grell, G.; Peckham, S.; Mathur, R.; Yu, S.; Gong, W.; Bouchet, V.; Menard, S.; Tang, Y.; Carmichael, G. The Evaluation of PM2.5 Forecasts from Several Regional Air Quality Models Using Data from the ICARTT/NEAQS-2K4 Field Study. Presented at the 2005 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Seigneur, C.; Pun, B.; Chen, S.-Y.; Lohman, K. Performance Evaluation of Four Air Quality Models Applied for an Annual Simulation of PM over the Western United States: CRC Project A-44; Atmospheric and Environmental Research: San Ramon, CA, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Seigneur, C.; Pun, B.; Pai, P.; Louis, J.-F.; Solomon, P.A.; Emery, C.E.; Morris, R.; Zahniser, M.; Worsnop, D. Guidance for the Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Air Quality Modeling Systems for Particulate Matter and Visibility; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 588–599.
   Google Scholar
• Dennis, R.; Roselle, S.; Gilliam, R.; Arnold, J. High Time Resolved Comparisons for In-Depth Probing of CMAQ Fine Particle and Gas Predictions. Presented at the 2004 Models 3 Workshop, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Napelenok, S.L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, D.; Hu, Y.; Chang, M.; Russell, A. Air Quality Modeling of the August 1999 Episode for the Fall Line Air Quality Study; Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Tonnesen, G. http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/vistas/results.shtml#july2001ep. (accessed November 3, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Y.; Cohan, D.S.; Odman, M.T.; Russell, A.G. Air Quality Modeling of the August 11–20, 2000 Episode for the Fall Line Air Quality Study. Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.; Cobb, C.; Wade, K.S.; Mulholland, J.A.; Hu, Y.; Russell, A.G. Uncertainty in Air Quality Model Evaluation for Particulate Matter Due to Spatial Variations in Pollutant Concentrations; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (Suppl. 2), 563–573.
   Google Scholar
• Tesche, T.W.; Morris, R.; Tonnesen, G.; McNally, D.; Boylan, J.; Brewer, P. CMAQ/CAMx Annual 2002 Performance Evaluation over the Eastern US; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 4906–4919.
   Google Scholar
• Boylan, J.W.; Russell, A.G. PM and Light Extinction Model Performance Metrics, Goals, and Criteria for Three-Dimensional Air Quality Models; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 4946–4959.
   Google Scholar
• Tonnesen, G. http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/aqm/308/eval.shtml (accessed November 6, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Stelson, A.W.; Seinfeld, J.H. Relative-Humidity and Temperature-Dependence of the Ammonium-Nitrate Dissociation-Constant; Atmos. Environ. 1982, 16, 983–992.
   Google Scholar
• Donahue, N.M.; Robinson, A.L.; Stanier, C.O.; Pandis, S.N. Coupled Partitioning, Dilution, and Chemical Aging of Semivolatile Organics; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2635–2643.
   Google Scholar
• Kanakidou, M.; Seinfeld, J.H.; Pandis, S.N.; Barnes, I.; Dentener, F.J.; Facchini, M.C.; van Dingenen, R.; Ervens, B.; Nenes, A.; Nielsen, C.J.; Swietlicki, E.; Putaud, J.P.; Balkanski, Y.; Fuzzi, S.; Horth, J.; Moortgat, G.K.; Winterhalter, R.; Myhre, C.E.L.; Tsigaridis, K.; Vignati, E.; Stephanou, E.G.; Wilson, J. Organic Aerosol and Global Climate Modeling: a Review; Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 1053–1123.
   Google Scholar
• Cohan, D.S.; Tian, D.; Hu, Y.T.; Russell, A.G. Control Strategy Optimization for Attainment and Exposure Mitigation: Case Study for Ozone in Macon, Georgia; Environ. Manage. 2006, 38, 451–462.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, D.A.; Edgerton, E.S.; Hartsell, B.E.; Jansen, J.J.; Kandasamy, N.; Hidy, G.M.; Blanchard, C.L. The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study: Part 1—Overview; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 1460–1471.
   Google Scholar
• Held, T.; Ying, Q.; Kleeman, M.J.; Schauer, J.J.; Fraser, M.P. A Comparison of the UCD/CIT Air Quality Model and the CMB Source-Receptor Model for Primary Airborne Particulate Matter; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 2281–2297.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, M.; Ke, L.; Edgerton, E.S.; Schauer, J.J.; Dong, M.Y.; Russell, A.G. Spatial Distribution of Carbonaceous Aerosol in the Southeastern United States Using Molecular Markers and Carbon Isotope Data; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006, 111, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006777.
   Google Scholar
• Marmur, A.; Park, S.; Mulholland, J.; Tolbert, P.; Russell, A. Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States Using Receptor and Emissions-Based Models: Conceptual Differences and Implications for Time-Series Health Studies; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 2533–2551.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, C.F.; Allen, D.T. Hydrocarbon Emissions from Industrial Release Events in the Houston-Galveston Area and Their Impact on Ozone Formation; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3785–3798.
   Google Scholar
• Nam, J.; Kimura, Y.; Vizuete, W.; Murphy, C.; Allen, D.T. Modeling the Impacts of Emission Events on Ozone Formation in Houston, Texas; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 5329–5341.
   Google Scholar
• Gego, E.; Hogrefe, C.; Kallos, G.; Voudouri, A.; Irwin, J.S.; Rao, S.T. Examination of Model Predictions at Different Horizontal Grid Resolutions; Environ. Fluid Mechan. 2005, 5, 63–85.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas, J.; Hogrefe, C.; Rao, S.T.; Hao, W.; Sistla, G. Evaluating the Performance of Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems. Part III: Precursor Predictions; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 6129–6149.
   Google Scholar
• Hogrefe, C.; Rao, S.T.; Kasibhatla, P.; Hao, W.; Sistla, G.; Mathur, R.; McHenry, J. Evaluating the Performance of Regional-Scale Photo-chemical Modeling Systems: Part II: Ozone Predictions; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 4175–4188.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A.L.; Donahue, N.M.; Shrivastava, M.K.; Weitkamp, E.A.; Sage, A.M.; Grieshop, A.P.; Lane, T.E.; Pierce, J.R.; Pandis, S.N. Re-thinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging; Science 2007, 315, 1259–1262.
   Google Scholar
• Dunker, A.M. The Decoupled Direct Method for Calculating Sensitivity Coefficients in Chemical-Kinetics; J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 81, 2385–2393.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Dominguez, A.; Russell, A.G. Emission Strength Validation Using Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation: Application to Primary Aerosol and Precursors to Ozone and Secondary Aerosol; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 1538–1550.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Dominguez, A.; Russell, A.G. Iterative Inverse Modeling and Direct Sensitivity Analysis of a Photochemical Air Duality Model; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4974–4981.
   Google Scholar
• Pinder, R.W.; Adams, P.J.; Pandis, S.N.; Gilliland, A.B. Temporally Resolved Ammonia Emission Inventories: Current Estimates, Evaluation Tools, and Measurement Needs; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006, 111, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006603.
   Google Scholar
• Cohan, D.S.; Hakami, A.; Hu, Y.; Russell, A.G. Nonlinear Response of Ozone to Emissions: Source Apportionment and Sensitivity Analysis; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6739–6748.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, M.; Allen, D.T. Predicting Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Rates in Southeast Texas; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004722.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, W.P.L. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California-Riverside, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, W.P.L. http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/~carter/SAPRC99.htm (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Takahama, S.; Davidson, C.; Pandis, S. Semi-Continuous Measurements of Organic Carbon and Acidity during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Implications for Acid-Catalyzed Organic Aerosol Formation; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2191–2199.
   Google Scholar
• Nopmongcol, U.; Allen, D.T. Modeling of Surface Reactions on Carbonaceous Atmospheric Particles during a Wood Smoke Episode in Houston, Texas; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S524–S537.
   Google Scholar
• Buzcu, B.; Yue, Z.W.; Fraser, M.P.; Nopmongcol, U.; Allen, D.T. Secondary Particle Formation and Evidence of Heterogeneous Chemistry during a Wood Smoke Episode in Texas; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006, 111, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006143.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M.Z. Studying the Effects of Aerosols on Vertical Photolysis Rate Coefficient and Temperature Profiles over an Urban Airshed; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1998, 103, 10593–10604.
   Google Scholar
• Takahama, S.; Davidson, C.I.; Pandis, S.N. Semicontinuous Measurements of Organic Carbon and Acidity during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Implications for Acid-Catalyzed Organic Aerosol Formation; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2191–2199.
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Reviejo, M.; Wirtz, K. Is Benzene a Precursor for Secondary Organic Aerosol? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 1045–1054.
   Google Scholar
• Song, C.; Na, K.S.; Cocker, D.R. Impact of the Hydrocarbon to NOx Ratio on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 3143–3149.
   Google Scholar
• Kleindienst, T.E.; Conver, T.S.; McIver, C.D.; Edney, E.O. Determination of Secondary Organic Aerosol Products from the Photooxidation of Toluene and Their Implications in Ambient PM2.5; J. Atmos. Chem. 2004, 47, 79–100.
   Google Scholar
• Kalberer, M.; Paulsen, D.; Sax, M.; Steinbacher, M.; Dommen, J.; Prevot, A.S.H.; Fisseha, R.; Weingartner, E.; Frankevich, V.; Zenobi, R.; Baltensperger, U. Identification of Polymers as Major Components of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols; Science 2004, 303, 1659–1662.
   Google Scholar
• Volkamer, R.; Jimenez, J.L.; San Martini, F.; Dzepina, K.; Zhang, Q.; Salcedo, D.; Molina, L.T.; Worsnop, D.R.; Molina, M.J. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Anthropogenic Air Pollution: Rapid and Higher than Expected; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026899.
   Google Scholar
• Claeys, M.; Graham, B.; Vas, G.; Wang, W.; Vermeylen, R.; Pashynska, V.; Cafmeyer, J.; Guyon, P.; Andreae, M.O.; Artaxo, P.; Maenhaut, W. Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols through Photooxidation of Isoprene; Science 2004, 303, 1173–1176.
   Google Scholar
• Edney, E.O.; Kleindienst, T.E.; Jaoui, M.; Lewandowski, M.; Offenberg, J.H.; Wang, W.; Claeys, M. Formation of 2-Methyl Tetrols and 2-Methylglyceric Acid in Secondary Organic Aerosol from Laboratory Irradiated Isoprene/NOx/SO2/Air Mixtures and Their Detection in Ambient PM2.5 Samples Collected in the Eastern United States; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 5281–5289.
   Google Scholar
• Kourtchev, I.; Ruuskanen, T.; Maenhaut, W.; Kulmala, M.; Claeys, M. Observation of 2-Methyltetrols and Related Photo-Oxidation Products of Isoprene in Boreal Forest Aerosols from Hyytiala, Finland; Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 2761–2770.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll, J.H.; Ng, N.L.; Murphy, S.M.; Flagan, R.C.; Seinfeld, J.H. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Isoprene Photooxidation under High-NOx Conditions; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023637.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, H.J.; Carlton, A.G.; Turpin, B.J. Isoprene Forms Secondary Organic Aerosol through Cloud Processing: Model Simulations; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 4441–4446.
   Google Scholar
• Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast; available at http://www.vistas-sesarm.org/documents/WhatIsVISTAS.pdf (accessed Nov. 6, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Tonnesen, G. http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/rmc/ (accessed Nov. 6, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Transportation Conformity Determinations for Federally Funded and Approved Transportation Plans, Programs and Projects Under the New 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Fed. Regist. 2005, 69 (2), 336–338.
   Google Scholar
• Wiedinmyer, C.; Quayle, B.; Geron, C.; Belote, A.; McKenzie, D.; Zhang, X.Y.; O’Neill, S.; Wynne, K.K. Estimating Emissions from Fires in North America for Air Quality Modeling; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 3419–3432.
   Google Scholar
• Hogrefe, C.; Trivikrama Rao, S.; Kasibhatla, P.; Kallos, G.; Tremback, C.J.; Hao, W.; Olerud, D.; Xiu, A.; McHenry, J.; Alapaty, K. Evaluating the Performance of Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems: Part I—Meteorological Predictions; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 4159–4174.
   Google Scholar
• Seaman, N.L. Future Directions of Meteorology Related to Air-Quality Research; Environ. Int. 2003, 29, 245–252.
   Google Scholar
• Millet, D.B.; Donahue, N.M.; Pandis, S.N.; Polidori, A.; Stanier, C.O.; Turpin, B.J.; Goldstein, A.H. Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compound Measurements during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Results, Interpretation, and Quantification of Primary and Secondary Contributions; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004601.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, H.J.; Turpin, B.J. Origins of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol in Atlanta: Results of Time-Resolved Measurements during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4489–4496.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Y.T.; Odman, M.T.; Russell, A.G. Re-Examination of the 2003 North American Electrical Blackout Impacts on Regional Air Quality; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL027252.
   Google Scholar
• Marufu, L.T.; Taubman, B.F.; Bloomer, B.; Piety, C.A.; Doddridge, B.G.; Stehr, J.W.; Dickerson, R.R. The 2003 North American Electrical Blackout: an Accidental Experiment in Atmospheric Chemistry; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019771.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.S.; Pancras, J.P.; Ondov, J.; Poor, N. A New Pseudodeterministic Multivariate Receptor Model for Individual Source Apportionment Using Highly Time-Resolved Ambient Concentration Measurements; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004664.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, R.V.; Jacob, D.J.; Chance, K.; Kurosu, T.P.; Palmer, P.I.; Evans, M.J. Global Inventory of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Constrained by Space-Based Observations of NO2 Columns; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003, 108, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003453.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.; Sarnat, J.A.; Kilaru, A.; Jacob, D.J.; Koutrakis, P. Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in the Eastern United States Using Satellite Remote Sensing; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 3269–3278.
   Google Scholar
• National Emissions Inventories for the U.S.; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/ (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• McKeen, S.; Chung, S.H.; Wilczak, J.; Grell, G.; Djalalova, I.; Peck-ham, S.; Gong, W.; Bouchet, V.; Moffet, R.; Tang, Y.; Carmichael, G.R.; Mathur, R.; Yu, S. Evaluation of Several PM2.5 Forecast Models Using Data Collected during the ICARTT/NEAQS 2004 Field Study; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007, 112, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007608.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.K.; Cobb, C.E.; Wade, K.; Mulholland, J.; Hu, Y.T.; Russell, A.G. Uncertainty in Air Quality Model Evaluation for Particulate Matter Due to Spatial Variations in Pollutant Concentrations; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S563–S573.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, D.A.; Edgerton, E.; Harstell, B.; Jansen, J.; Burge, H.; Koutrakis, P.; Rogers, C.; Suh, H.; Chow, J.; Zielinska, B.; McMurry, P.; Mulholland, J.; Russell, A.; Rasmussen, R. Air Quality Measurements for the Aerosol Research and Inhalation Epidemiology Study; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 1445–1458.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, S.; Bhave, P.V.; Dennis, R.L.; Mathur, R. Seasonal and Regional Variations of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols over the Continental United States: Semi-Empirical Estimates and Model Evaluation; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4690–4697.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.M.; Knipping, E.M.; Wexler, A.S.; Bhave, P.V.; Tonnesen, G.S. Size Distribution of Sea-Salt Emissions as a Function of Relative Humidity; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3373–3379.
   Google Scholar