What Have We Learned from Highly Time-Resolved Measurements during EPA’s Supersites Program and Related Studies?

References

• National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter Revisions to Ambient Air Monitoring Regulations Proposed Rule; CFR 40, Parts 50, 53, and 58, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Zeka, A.; Zanobetti, A.; Schwartz, J. Short Term Effects of Particulate Matter on Cause Specific Mortality: Effects of Lags and Modification by City Characteristics; Occup. Environ. Med. 2005, 62, 718–725.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.; Luttmann-Gibson, H.; Rich, D.; Link, M.; Mittleman, M.; Gold, D.; Koutrakis, P.; Schwartz, J.; Verrier, R. Association of Air Pollution with Increased Incidence of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Recorded by Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113 1516–1521.
   Google Scholar
• Urch, B.; Silverman, F.; Corey, P.; Brook, J.; Lukic, K.; Rajagopalan, S.; Brook, R. Acute Blood Pressure Responses in Healthy Adults during Controlled Air Pollution Exposures; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1052–1055.
   Google Scholar
• Ruidavets, J.M.; Cournot, M.; Cassadou, S.; Giroux, M.; Meybeck, M. Ozone Air Pollution Is Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction; Circulation 2005, 111, 563–569.
   Google Scholar
• Stull, R.B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology; Kluwer: Boston, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Seigneur, C.; Pun, B.; Pai, P.; Louis, J.-F.; Solomon, P.; Emery, C.E.; Morris, R.; Zahniser, M.; Worsnop, D.; Koutrakis, P.; White, W. Tom-bach, I. Guidance for the Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Air Quality Modeling Systems for Particulate Matter and Visibility; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 50, 588–599.
   Google Scholar
• National Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy; Final Draft; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/monitorstrat/allstrat.pdf (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Speciation Trends Network; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/speciepg.html (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• IMPROVE Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments available at http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/ (accessed 2006).
   Google Scholar
• EPA Research Highlights: PM Supersites Program Provides Data to Support PM2.5 Reduction Strategies; EM 2006, January, 39.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, P.A.; Sioutas, C. Continuous and Semicontinuous Monitoring Techniques for Particulate Matter Mass and Chemical Components: a Synthesis of Findings from EPA’s Particulate Matter Supersites Program and Related Studies; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2008, 58, 164–195.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Chen, L.-W.A.; Chow, J.C.; Doraiswamy, P.; Lowenthal, D.H. Source Apportionment: Findings from the U.S. Supersites Program; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2008, 58, 265–288.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, P.A.; Cowling, E.; Hidy, G.; Furiness, C. Comparison of Scientific Findings from Major Ozone Field Studies in North America and Europe; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 1885–1920.
   Google Scholar
• Boring, C.B.; Al-Horr, R.; Genfa, Z.; Dasgupta, P.K. Field Measurement of Acid Gases and Soluble Anions in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Using a Parallel Plate Wet Denuder and an Alternating Filter-Based Automated Analysis System; Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1256–1268.
   Google Scholar
• Genfa, Z.; Slanina, S.; Boring, C.B.; Jongejan, P.A.C.; Dasgupta, P.K. Continuous Wet Denuder Measurements of Atmospheric Nitric and Nitrous Acids during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1351–1364.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J.; Dasgupta, P.K.; Tarver, G.A. Pulsed Excitation Source Multiplexed Fluorometry for the Simultaneous Measurement of Multiple Analytes: Continuous Measurement of Atmospheric Hydrogen Peroxide and Methyl Hydroperoxide; Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1203–1210.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y.; Schwab, J.J.; Demerjian, K.L. Measurements of Ambient Ammonia Using a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer: Characteristics of Ambient Ammonia Emissions in an Urban Area of New York City; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006, 111, (D10S02), doi: 10.1029/2005JD006275.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, P.K.; Li, J.; Zhang, G.; Luke, W.T.; McClenny, W.A.; Stutz, J.; Fried, A. Summertime Ambient Formaldehyde in Five U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Nashville, Atlanta, Houston, Philadelphia, and Tampa; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 4767–4783.
   Google Scholar
• Chuersuwan, N.; Turpin, B.J.; Pietarinen, C. Evaluation of Time-Resolved PM2.5 Data in Urban/Suburban Areas of New Jersey; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1780–1789.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, R. Short-Term Temporal Variation in PM2.5 Mass and Chemical Composition during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment 1999; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 84–91.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.S.; Kleissl, J.; Harrison, D.; Nair, H.P.; Kumar, V.; Ondov, J. Investigation of PM2.5 Episodes Using Semi-Continuous Instruments at the Baltimore Supersite at Ponca Street; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 845–860.
   Google Scholar
• Drewnick, F.; Schwab, J.J.; Jayne, J.T.; Canagaratna, M.; Worsnop, D.R.; Demerjian, K.L. Measurement of Ambient Aerosol Composition during the PMTACS-NY 2001 Using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Part 1: Mass Concentrations; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (Suppl. 1), 92–103.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, R.J.; Orsini, D.; Duan, Y.; Lee, Y.-N.; Klotz, P.J.; Brechtel, F. A Particle-into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 718–727.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, R.; Orsini, D.; Duan, Y.; Baumann, K.; Kiang, C.S.; Chameides,W.; Lee, Y.N.; Brechtel, F.; Klotz, P.; Jongejan, P.; ten Brink, H.; Sla-nina, J.; Dasgupta, P.; Hering, S.; Stolzenburg, M.; Edgerton, E.; Harstell, B.; Solomon, P.; Tanner, R. Intercomparison of Near Real-Time Monitors of PM2.5 Nitrate and Sulfate at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Atlanta Supersite; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, D78421, doi: 78410.71029/72001JD001220.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.; Canagaratna, M.R.; Jayne, J.T.; Worsnop, D.R.; Jimenez, J.-L. Time- and Size-Resolved Chemical Composition of Submicron Particles in Pittsburgh: Implications for Aerosol Sources and Processes; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S09, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004649.
   Google Scholar
• Khlystov, A.; Stanier, C.O.; Takahama, S.; Pandis, S.N. Water Content of Ambient Aerosol during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S10, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004651.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, D.A.; Tolocka, M.P.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. The Character of Single Particle Sulfate in Baltimore; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5311–5320.
   Google Scholar
• Salcedo, D.; Dzepina, K.; Onasch, T.B.; Canagaratna, M.R.; Zhang, Q.; Huffman, J.A.; DeCarlo, P.F.; Jayne, J.T.; Mortimer, P.; Worsnop, D.R.; Kolb, C.E.; Johnson, K.S.; Zuberi, B.; Marr, L.C.; Molina, L.T.; Molina, M.J.; Cardenas, B.; Bernabe, R.M.; Marquez, C.; Gaffney, J.S.; Marley, N.A.; Laskin, A.; Shutthanandan, V.; Jimenez, J.L. Characterization of Ambient Aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 Campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Part I: Quantification, Shape-Related Collection Efficiency, and Comparison with Collocated Instruments; Atmos. Chem. Phys. Dis. 2005, 5, 4143–4182.
   Google Scholar
• McMurry, P.H.; Fink, M.; Sakurai, H.; Stolzenburg, M.R.; Maudlin, R.L, III; Smith, J.; Eisele, F.; Moore, K.; Sjostedt, S.; Tanner, D.; Huey, L.G.; Nowak, J.B.; Edgerton, E.; Voisin, D. A Criterion for New Particle Formation in the Sulfur-Rich Atlanta Atmosphere; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D22S02, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005901.
   Google Scholar
• McMurry, P.H.; Woo, K.S.; Weber, R.; Chen, D.R.; Pui, D.Y.H. Size Distributions of 3–10 nm Atmospheric Particles: Implications for Nucleation Mechanisms; Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 2000, 358, 2625–2642.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, M.J.; Jimenez, J.-L.; Baumgardner, D.; Castro, T.; McMurry, P.H.; Smith., J.N. Measurements of Mexico City Nanoparticle Size Distributions: Observations of New Particle Formation and Growth; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, L10102, doi: 10110.11029/12004GL019483.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.; Stanier, C.O.; Canagaratna, M.R.; Jayne, J.T.; Worsnop, D.R.; Pandis, S.N.; Jimenez, J.L. Insights into the Chemistry of New Particle Formation and Growth Events in Pittsburgh Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4797–4809.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J.N.; Moore, K.F.; Eisele, F.L.; Voisin., D.; Ghimire, A.K.; Sakurai, H.; McMurry, P.H. Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Nano-particles during Nucleation Events in Atlanta; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D22S03, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005912.
   Google Scholar
• Turpin, B.J.; Huntzicker, J.J. Identification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Episodes and Quantitation of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Concentrations during SCAQS; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 3527–3544.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, P.M.; Solomon, P.A.; Sioutas, C. Secondary Particulate Matter in the United States: Insights from the Particulate Matter (PM) Supersites Program and Related Studies; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2008, 58, 234–253.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.S.; Harrison, D.; Pancras, J.P.; Ondov, J.M. Highly Time-Resolved Organic and Elemental Carbon Measurements at the Baltimore Supersite in 2002; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S06, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004610.
   Google Scholar
• Cabada, J.C.; Pandis, S.N.; Subramanian, R.; Robinson, A.L.; Polidori, A.; Turpin, B. Estimating the Secondary Organic Aerosol Contribution to PM2.5 Using the EC Tracer Method; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (Suppl. 1), 140–155.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, H.J.; Turpin, B.J. Origins of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol in Atlanta: Results of Time-Resolved Measurements during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4489–4496.
   Google Scholar
• Takahama, S.; Davidson, C.I.; Pandis, S.N. Semicontinuous Measurements of Organic Carbon and Acidity during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Implications for Acid-Catalyzed Organic Aerosol Formation; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2191–2199.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, S.-H.; Paisie, J.W.; Jang, B.W-L. PM Data Analysis—a Comparison of Two Urban Areas: Fresno and Atlanta; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3155–3164.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.; Alfarra, M.R.; Worsnop, D.R.; Allan, J.D.; Coe, H.; Canagaratna, R.; Jimenez, J.L. Deconvolution and Quantification of Hydro-carbon-Like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 4938–4952.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q.; Worsnop, D.R.; Canagaratna, M.R.; Jimenez, J.-L. Hydro-carbon-Like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols in Pittsburgh: Insights into Sources and Processes of Organic Aerosols; Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 3289–3311.
   Google Scholar
• Canagaratna, M.R.; Jayne, J.T.; Ghertner, D.A.; Herndon, S.; Shi, Q.; Jimenez, J.L.; Silva, P.J.; Williams, P.; Lanni, T.; Drewnick, F.; Demerjian, K.L.; Kolb, C.E.; Worsnop, D.R. Chase Studies of Particulate Emissions from In-Use New York City Vehicles; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 555–573.
   Google Scholar
• Wexler, A.S.; Clegg, S.L. Atmospheric Aerosol Models for Systems Including the Ions H+, NH4 +, Na+, SO4 2–, NO3 –, Cl–, Br– and H2O. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107, D144207.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S.H.; Murphy, D.M.; Thomson, D.S.; Middlebrook, A.M. Nitrate and Oxidized Organic Ions in Single Particle Mass Spectra during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, D78417, doi: 8410.1029/2001JD001455.
   Google Scholar
• Wittig, A.E.; Takahama, S.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Pandis, S.N.; Hering, S.; Kirby, B.; Davidson, C. Semi-Continuous PM2.5 Inorganic Composition Measurements during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3201–3214.
   Google Scholar
• Tolocka, M.P.; Lake, D.A.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. Ultrafine Nitrate Particle Events in Baltimore Observed by Real-Time Single Particle Mass Spectrometry; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3215–3224.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, D.; Park, S.S.; Ondov, J.M.; Buckley, T.; Kim, S.R.; Jayanty, R.K.M. Highly-Time Resolved Particulate Nitrate Measurements at the Baltimore Supersite; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5321–5332.
   Google Scholar
• Takahama, S.; Wittig, A.E.; Vayenas, D.V.; Davidson, C.I.; Pandis, S.N. Modeling the Diurnal Variation of Nitrate during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study; J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109, D16S06, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004149.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Chameides, W.L.; Weber, R.; Cass, G.; Orsini, D.; Edgerton, E.; Jongejan, P.; Slanina, J. An Evaluation of the Thermodynamic Equilibrium Assumption for Fine Particulate Composition: Nitrate and Ammonium during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, D7, 8414, doi: 8410.1029/2001JD001592.
   Google Scholar
• Vayenas, D.V.; Takahama, S.; Davidson, C.I.; Pandis, S.N. Simulation of the Thermodynamics and Removal Processes in the Sulfate-Ammonia-Nitric Acid System during Winter: Implications for PM2.5 Control Strategies; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S14, doi: 10.1029/2004D005038.
   Google Scholar
• Tolocka, M.P.; Lake, D.A.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. Size-Resolved Fine and Ultrafine Particle Composition in Baltimore, Maryland; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, D07S04, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004573.
   Google Scholar
• Bein, K.J.; Zhao, Y.; Wexler, A.S.; Johnston, M.V. Speciation of Size-Resolved Individual Ultrafine Particles in Pittsburgh; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, D07S05, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004708.
   Google Scholar
• Phares, D.J.; Rhoads, K.P.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. Size-Resolved Ultrafine Particle Composition Analysis, Part 2: Houston; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003, 108, D7 8420, doi: 8410.1029/2001JD001212.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoads, K.P.; Phares, D.J.; Wexler, A.S.; Johnston, M.V. Size-Resolved Ultrafine Particle Composition Analysis, Part 1: Atlanta; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003, 108, D7 8418, doi: 8410.1029/2001JD001211.
   Google Scholar
• Brook, J.R.; Strawbridge, K.B.; Snyder, B.J.; Boudries, H.; Worsnop, D.; Sharmaa, S.; Anlaufa, K.; Lua, G.; Haydena, K. Towards an Understanding of the Fine Particle Variations in the LFV: Integration of Chemical, Physical and Meteorological Observations; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5775–5788.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, G.E. Receptor Models; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 1132–1142.
   Google Scholar
• Weitkamp, E.; Lipsky, E.; Pancras, P.; Ondov, J.; Polidori, A.; Turpin, B.; Robinson, A. Fine Particle Emission Profile for a Large Coke Production Facility Based on Highly Time-Resolved Fence Line Measurements; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 6719–6733.
   Google Scholar
• Pancras, J.P.; Ondov, J.M.; Poor, N.; Landis, M.; Stevens, R.K. Identification of Sources and Estimation of Emission Profiles from Highly Time-Resolved Pollutant Measurements in Tampa, FL; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (Suppl. 2), 467–481.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.S.; Pancras, J.P.; Ondov, J.; Robinson, A. Application of the Pseudo-Deterministic Receptor Model to Resolve Power Plant Influences on Air Quality in Pittsburgh; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 883–897.
   Google Scholar
• Yamartino, R. J. Formulation and Application of a Hybrid Receptor Model. In Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Receptor Models Applied to Contemporary Pollution Problems; Danvers, MA, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Tolocka, M.P.; Lake, D.A.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. Number Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Containing Metals; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3263–3273.
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, M.W.; Carr, R.C.; Ensor, D.S.; Markowski, G.R. Size Distribution of Fine Particles from Coal Combustion; Science 1982, 215, 13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Pekney, N.J.; Davidson, C.I.; Bein, K.J.; Wexler, A.S.; Johnston, M. V. Identification of Sources of Atmospheric PM at the Pittsburgh Super-site Part I: Single Particle Analysis and Filter-Based Positive Matrix Factorization; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (Suppl. 2), 411–423.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, D.A.; Tolocka, M.P.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. Mass Spec-trometry of Individual Particles between 50 and 750 nm in Diameter at the Baltimore Supersite; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 3268–3274.
   Google Scholar
• Lioy, P.J.; Zelenka, M.P.; Cheng, M.D.; Reiss, N.M.; Wilson, W.E. The Effect of Sampling Duration on the Ability to Resolve Source Types Using Factor-Analysis; Atmos. Environ. 1989, 23, 239–254.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S.S.; Pancras, J.P.; Ondov, J.; Poor, N. A New Pseudo-Deterministic Multivariate Receptor Model for Individual Source Apportionment Using Highly Time-Resolved Ambient Concentration Measurements; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S15, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004664.
   Google Scholar
• Bein, K.J.; Zhao, Y.; Johnston, M.V.; Wexler, A.S. Identification of Sources of Atmospheric PM at the Pittsburgh Supersite. Part III: Source Characterization; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 3974–3992.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y.; Hinds, W.C.; Kim, S.; Sioutas, C. Concentration and Size Distribution of Ultrafine Particles near a Major Highway; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 1032–1042.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y.; Hinds, W.C.; Kim, S.; Shen, S.; Sioutas, C. Study of Ultrafine Particles near a Major Highway with Heavy-Duty Diesel Traffic; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 4323–4335.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.M.; Wexler, A.S. Evolution of Particle Number Distribution near Roadways Part I: Analysis of Aerosol Dynamics and Its Implications for Engine Emission Measurement; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 6643–6653.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.M.; Wexler, A.S.; Zhu, Y.F.; Hinds, W.C.; Sioutas, C. Evolution of Particle Number Distributions near Roadways Part II: the Road-to-Ambient Process; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 6655–6665.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.M.; Wexler, A.S.; Niemeier, D.A.; Zhu, Y.F.; Hinds, W.C.; Sioutas, C. Evolution of Particle Number Distribution near Roadways. Part III: Traffic Analysis and On-Road Size Resolved Particulate Emission Factors; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 4155–4166.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, M.Z.; Seinfeld, J.H. Evolution of Nanoparticle Size and Mixing State near the Point of Emission; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 1839–1850.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdorster, G.; Utell, M.J. Ultrafine Particles in the Urban Air: to the Respiratory Tract—and Beyond?; Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110, A440–A441, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Woo, K.S.; Chen, D.R.; Pui, D.Y.H.; McMurry, P.H. Measurement of Atlanta Aerosol Size Distributions: Observations of Ultrafine Particle Events; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 75–87.
   Google Scholar
• McMurry, P.H.; Woo, K.S. Size Distributions of 3–100 nm Urban Atlanta Aerosols: Measurement and Observations; J. Aerosol Med. 2002, 15, 169–178.
   Google Scholar
• Birmili, W. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Leipzig, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Gaydos, T.M.; Stanier, C.O.; Pandis, S.N.; Pandis, S.N. Modeling of In Situ Ultrafine Atmospheric Particle Formation in the Eastern United States; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110, D07S12, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004683.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.; Chow, J.; Lowenthal, D.; Kreisberg, N.; Hering, S. Stolzenburg., M. Variations of Nanoparticle Concentration at the Fresno Supersite; Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 358, 178–187.
   Google Scholar
• Stanier, C.O.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Pandis, S.N. Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions and Number Concentrations Measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS); Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3275–3284.
   Google Scholar
• Kerminen, V.M.; Wexler, A.S. Growth Laws for Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: an Examination of the Bimodality of the Accumulation Mode; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 3263–3275.
   Google Scholar
• DeCarlo, P.F.; Slowik, J.G.; Worsnop, D.R.; Davidovits, P.; Jimenez, J.L. Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1185–1205.
   Google Scholar
• McMurry, P.H.; Wang, X.; Park, K.; Ehara, K. The Relationship between Mass and Mobility for Atmospheric Particles: a New Technique for Measuring Particle Density; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 227–238.
   Google Scholar
• Ehara, K.; Hagwood, C.; Coakley, K.J. Novel Method to Classify Aerosol Particles According to their Mass-to-Charge Ratio: Aerosol Particle Mass Analyser; J. Aerosol Sci. 1996, 27, 217–234.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G. Chow, J.C. A Wintertime PM2.5 Episode at the Fresno, CA, Supersite; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 465–475.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S.G.; Roberts, P.T.; McCarthy, M.C.; Lurmann, F.W.; Hyslop, N.P. Wintertime Vertical Variations in Particulate Matter (PM) and Precursor Concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley during the California Regional Coarse PM/Fine PM Air Quality Study; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 1267–1277.
   Google Scholar
• Annegarn, H.J.; Braga Marcazzan, G.M.; Cereda, E.; Marchinonni, M.; Zucchiatti, A. Source Profiles by Unique Ratios (SPUR) Analysis: Determination of Source Profiles from Receptor-Site Streaker Samples; Atmos. Environ. 1992, 26A, 333–343.
   Google Scholar