Inorganic and Carbonaceous Components in Indoor/Outdoor Particulate Matter in Two Residential Houses in Oslo, Norway

References

• Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter; EPA/600/P-99/002aF, EPA/600/P-99/002bF; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Research and Development: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. Indoor Particles: a Review; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 98–126.
   Google Scholar
• Leaderer, B.P.; Naeher, L.; Jankun, T.; Balenger, K.; Holford, T.R.; Toth, C.; Sullivan, J.; Wolfson, J.M.; Koutrakis, P. Indoor, Outdoor, and Regional Summer and Winter Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO4 2–, H+, NH4 +, NO3 –, NH3, and Nitrous Acid in Homes with and without Kerosene Space Heaters; Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 223–231.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W.E.; Mage, D.T.; Grant, L.D. Estimating Separately Personal Exposure to Ambient and Nonambient Particulate Matter for Epidemiology and Risk Assessment: Why and How; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1167–1183.
   Google Scholar
• Lunden, M.M.; Thatcher, T.L.; Hering, S.V.; Brown, N.J. Use of Time and Chemically Resolved Particulate Data to Characterize the Infiltration of Outdoor PM2.5 into a Residence in the San Joaquin Valley;Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4724–4732.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, K.F.; Cao, J.J.; Harrison, R.M.; Lee, S.C.; Bau, K.K. Indoor/Outdoor Relationships of Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) in PM2.5 in Roadside Environment of Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 6327–6335.
   Google Scholar
• Long, C.M.; Sarnat, J.A. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships and Infiltration Behavior of Elemental Components of Outdoor PM2.5 for Boston-Area Homes; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (Suppl. 2), 91–104.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnat, S.E.; Brent, A.; Coull, B.A.; Ruiz, P.A.; Koutrakis, P.; Suh, H.H. The Influences of Ambient Particle Composition and Size on Particle Infiltration in Los Angeles, CA, Residences; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 186–196.
   Google Scholar
• Abt, E.; Suh, H.H.; Catalano, P.; Koutrakis, P. Relative Contribution of Outdoor and Indoor Particle Sources to Indoor Concentrations; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3579–3587.
   Google Scholar
• Long, C.M.; Suh, H.H.; Catalano, P.J.; Koutrakis, P. Using Time- and Size-Resolved Particulate Data to Quantify Indoor Penetration and Deposition Behaviour; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 2089–2099.
   Google Scholar
• Weschler, C.J.; Shields, H.C. Potential Reactions among Indoor Pollutants; Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31, 3487–3495.
   Google Scholar
• Jang, M.; Kamens, R.M. Newly Characterized Products and Composition of Secondary Aerosols from the Reaction of [H9251]-Pinene with Ozone; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 459–474.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, T.; Glytsos, T.; Ondracek, J.; Dohányosova, P.; Zdimal, V.; Ha¨meri, K.; Lazaridis, M.; Smolik, J.; Kulmala, M. Particle Size Characterization and Emission Rates during Indoor Activities in a House; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 4285–4307.
   Google Scholar
• Lazaridis, M.; Asimakopoulos, D.N.; Branis, M.; Colbeck, I.; Drossinos, I.; Dye, C.; Eleftheriadis, K.; Flocas, H.; Helmis, C. Hollander, W.; Housiadas, W.; Hovorka, J.; Kalogerakis, N.; Smolik, J.; Stordal, F.; Svendby, T.; Zdimal, V. Characterisation of Urban Air Quality Indoor/Outdoor Particulate Matter Chemical Characteristics and Source-to-Inhaled Dose Relationships; J. Aerosol Sci. 2001, 32, S1075–S1076.
   Google Scholar
• Lazaridis, M.; Aleksandropoulou, V.; Smolík, J.; Hansen, J.E.; Glytsos, T.; Kalogerakis, N.; Dahlin, E. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Indoor/Outdoor Particulate Matter in Two Residential Houses in Oslo, Norway: Measurements Overview and Physical Properties—URBAN-AEROSOL Project; Indoor Air 2006, 16, 282–295.
   Google Scholar
• Kitto, A.M.N., Harrison, R.M. Nitrous and Nitric Acid Measurements at Sites in Southeast England; Atmos. Environ. 1992, 26, 235–241.
   Google Scholar
• Maenhaut, W.; Schwarz, J.; Cafmeyer, J.; Chi, X. Aerosol Chemical Mass Closure during the EUROTRAC-2 AEROSOL Intercomparison 2000; Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 2002, 189, 233–237.
   Google Scholar
• Berner, A.; Lürzer, C. Mass Size Distributions of Traffic Aerosols at Vienna; J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 2079–2083.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, M.E.; Cary, R.A. Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1996, 23, 221–241.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, M.E. Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust by NIOSH Method 5040; J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2002, 17, 400–405.
   Google Scholar
• The NILU Tracer Gas Technique; Factsheet 8-1995 E; Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Urban Environment and Industry Department: Kjeller, Norway, 1995; available at http://www.nilu.no (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Hill, T.; Lewicki, P. STATISTICS Methods and Applications; StatSoft Inc.: Tulsa, OK, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Rolph, G.D. Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display System (READY); NOAA Air Resources Laboratory: Silver Spring, MD, 2003; available at http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hildermann, L.M.; Markowski, G.R.; Cass, G.R. Chemical Composition of Emissions from Urban Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 744–759.
   Google Scholar
• Kleeman, M.J.; Cass, G.R. Source Contributions to the Size and Composition Distribution of Urban Particulate Air Pollution; Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 2803–2816.
   Google Scholar
• Eleftheriadis, K.; Balis, D.; Ziomas, I.; Colbeck, I.; Manalis, N. Atmospheric Aerosol and Gaseous Species in Athens, Greece; Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 2183–2191.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Lu, Z.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Frazier, C.A.; Solomon, P.A.; Thuillier, R.H.; Magliano, K. Descriptive Analysis of PM2 . 5 and PM10 at Regionally Representative Locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2079–2112.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, M.D.; Chang, M.; Sioutas, C.; Ostro, B.D.; Lipsett, M.J. Indoor/Outdoor Relationship and Chemical Composition of Fine and Coarse Particles in the Southern California Deserts; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1099–1110.
   Google Scholar
• Turpin, J.; Huntzicker, J. Identification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Episodes and Quantitation of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Concentrations during SCAQS Barbara; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 3527–3544.
   Google Scholar
• Funasaka, K.; Miyazaki, T.; Tsuruho, K.; Tamura, K.; Mizuno, T.; Kuroda, K. Relationship between Indoor and Outdoor Carbonaceous Particulates in Roadside Households; Environ. Pollut. 2000, 110, 127–134.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.; Zhuang, G.; Tang, A.; Yuan, H.; Sun, Y.; Ghen, S.; Zheng, A. The Ion Chemistry and the Source of PM2.5 Aerosol in Beijing; Atmos.Environ. 2005, 39, 3771–3784.
   Google Scholar
• Franck, U.; Herbarth, O.; Wehner, B.; Wiedensohler, A.; Manjarrez, M. How Do the Indoor Size Distributions of Airborne Submicron and Ultrafine Particles in the Absence of Significant Indoor Sources Depend on Outdoor Distributions?; Indoor Air 2003, 13, 174–181.
   Google Scholar
• Nazaroff, W.W. Indoor Particle Dynamics; Indoor Air 2004, 14 (Suppl. 7), 175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Smolík, J.; Lazaridis, M.; Moravec, P.; Schwarz, J.; Zaripov, S.K.;Ždı´mal, V. Indoor Aerosol Particle Deposition in an Empty Office; Water Air Soil Pollut. 2005, 165, 301–312.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L.A.;Özkaynak, H.; Spengler, J.D.; Pellizzari, E.D.; Jenkins, P. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate; Helsinki, Finland, July 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, Q.Y.; Turpin, B.J.; Polidori, A.; Lee, J.H.; Weisel, C.; Morandi, M.; Colome, S.; Stock, T.; Winer, A.; Zhang, J. PM2.5 of Ambient Origin: Estimates and Exposure Errors Relevant to PM Epidemiology; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5105–5109.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, A.G.; Miguel, A.H. Indoor Organic and Inorganic Pollutants: In-Situ Formation and Dry Deposition in Southeastern Brazil; Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29, 3519–3526.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, L.K.; Clougherty, J.E.; Laden, F.; Levy, J.I. Predictors of Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide, Fine Particulate Matter, and Particle Constituents Inside of Lower Socioeconomic Status Urban Homes; J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2007, 17, 433–444.
   Google Scholar
• Monn, C.; Fuchs, A.; Högger, D.; Junker, M.; Kogelschatz, D.; Roth, N.; Wanner, H.U. Particulate Matter Less than 10 μm (PM2.5): Relationships between Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Concentrations; Sci. Tot. Environ. 1997, 208, 15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N.C.; Thornton, C.A.; Mark, D.; Harrison, R.M. Indoor/Outdoor Relationships of Particulate Matter in Domestic Homes with Roadside, Urban, and Rural Locations; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2603–2612.
   Google Scholar