Evaluation of an Offline Method for the Analysis of Atmospheric Reactive Gaseous Mercury and Particulate Mercury

References

• Miller, E.K.; Vanarsdale, A.; Keeler, G.J.; Chalmers, A.; Poissant, L.; Kamman, N.C.; Brulotte, R. Estimation and Mapping of Wet and Dry Mercury Deposition across Northeastern North America; Ecotoxicology 2005, 14, 53–70.
   Google Scholar
• Sakata, M.; Marumoto, K. Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes of Mercury in Japan; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3139–3146.
   Google Scholar
• Sakata, M.; Marumoto, K.; Narukawa, M.; Asakura, K. Regional Variations in Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes of Trace Elements in Japan; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 521–531.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C.J.; Pehkonen, S.O. The Chemistry of Atmospheric Mercury: a Review; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2067–2079.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, W.H.; Munthe, J. Atmospheric Mercury: an Overview; Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 809–822.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, S.; Jernelov, A. Biological Methylation of Mercury in Aquatic Organisms; Nature 1969, 223, 753–754.
   Google Scholar
• Ullrich, S.M.; Tanton, T.W.; Abdrashitova, S.A. Mercury in the Aquatic Environment: a Review of Factors Affecting Methylation; Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 31, 241–293.
   Google Scholar
• Mercury Deposition Network: a National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Network; National Atmospheric Deposition Program; Illinois State Water Survey: Champaign, IL, 2006; available at http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/mdn/ (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Landis, M.S.; Stevens, R.K.; Schaedlich, F.; Prestbo, E.M. Development and Characterization of an Annular Denuder Methodology for the Measurement of Divalent Inorganic Reactive Gaseous Mercury in Ambient Air; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 3000–3009.
   Google Scholar
• Lynam, M.M.; Keeler, G.J. Comparison of Methods for Particulate Phase Mercury Analysis: Sampling and Analysis; Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002, 374, 1009–1014.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, Z.; Sommar, J.; Wei, S.; Lindqvist, O. Sampling and Determination of Gas Phase Divalent Mercury in the Air Using a KCl Coated Denuder; Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1997, 358, 386–391.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, W.F.; Gill, G.A. Sub-Nanogram Determination of Mercury by 2-Stage Gold Amalgamation and Gas-Phase Detection Applied to Atmospheric Analysis; Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1714–1720.
   Google Scholar
• Dumarey, R.; Heindryckx, R.; Dams, R. Determination of Total Particulate Mercury in Air with the Coleman Mercury Analyzer System; Analyt. Chim. Acta 1980, 116, 111–117.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, J.Y.; Schroeder, W.H.; Berg, T.; Munthe, J.; Schneeberger, D.; Schaedlich, F. A Device for Sampling and Determination of Total Particulate Mercury in Ambient Air; Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 2403–2408.
   Google Scholar
• Ebinghaus, R.; Jennings, S.G.; Schroeder, W.H.; Berg, T.; Donaghy, T.; Guentzel, J.; Kenny, C.; Kock, H.H.; Kvietkus, K.; Landing, W.; Muhleck, T.; Munthe, J.; Prestbo, E.M.; Schneeberger, D.; Slemr, F.; Sommar, J.; Urba, A.; Wallschlager, D.; Xiao, Z. International Field Inter-comparison Measurements of Atmospheric Mercury Species at Mace Head, Ireland; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 3063–3073.
   Google Scholar
• Poissant, L.; Pilote, M.; Beauvais, C.; Constant, P.; Zhang, H.H. A Year of Continuous Measurements of Three Atmospheric Mercury Species (GEM, RGM, and Hg-p) in Southern Quebec, Canada; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 1275–1287.
   Google Scholar
• Yatavelli, R.L.N.; Fahrni, J.K.; Kim, M.; Crist, K.C.; Vickers, C.D.; Winter, S.E.; Connell, D.P. Mercury, PM2.5 and Gaseous Co-Pollutants in the Ohio River Valley Region: Preliminary Results from the Athens Supersite; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 6650–6665.
   Google Scholar
• Lynam, M.M.; Keeler, G.J. Automated Speciated Mercury Measurements in Michigan; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9253–9262.
   Google Scholar
• Sprovieri, F.; Pirrone, N.; Landis, M.S.; Stevens, R.K. Atmospheric Mercury Behavior at Different Altitudes at Ny Alesund during Spring 2003; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 7646–7656.
   Google Scholar
• Poissant, L.; Pilote, M. Time Series Analysis of Atmospheric Mercury in Kuujjuarapik/Whapmagoostui (Quebec); Journal De Physique IV 2003, 107, 1079–1082.
   Google Scholar
• 2004 6-Day and 3-Day Monitoring Schedule for Total Suspended Particulates, Pb, PM10, PM2.5 and Volatile Organic Compounds; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2003; available at http://epa.gov/ttn/amtic/calendar.html (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• 2005 6-Day and 3-Day Monitoring Schedule for TSP, Pb, PM10, PM2.5 and VOCs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2004; available at http://epa.gov/ttn/amtic/calendar.html (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Sheu, G.R.; Mason, R.P. An Examination of Methods for the Measurements of Reactive Gaseous Mercury in the Atmosphere; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 1209–1216.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, T.M.; Gussman, R.A.; Kenny, L.C.; Vanderpool, R.W. Evaluation of PM2.5 Size Selectors Used in Speciation Samplers; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 422–429.
   Google Scholar
• Neuman, J.A.; Huey, L.G.; Ryerson, T.B.; Fahey, D.W. Study of Inlet Materials for Sampling Atmospheric Nitric Acid; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 1133–1136.
   Google Scholar
• Koch, T.G.; Fenter, F.F.; Rossi, M.J. Real-Time Measurement of Residence Times of Gas Molecules on Solid Surfaces; Chem. Phys. Lett. 1997, 275, 253–260.
   Google Scholar
• Lough, G.C.; Schauer, J.J.; Park, J.S.; Shafer, M.M.; Deminter, J.T.; Weinstein, J.P. Emissions of Metals Associated with Motor Vehicle Roadways; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 826–836.
   Google Scholar
• Rutter, A.P.; Schauer, J.J. The Effect of Temperature on the Gas-Particle Partitioning of Reactive Mercury in Atmospheric Aerosol; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 8647-8657.<br/>
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, W.H.; Jackson, R.A. An Instrumental Analytical Technique for Speciation of Atmospheric Mercury; Intl. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1985, 22, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J.; Xiao, Z.; Lindqvist, O. Online Measurement of Mercury in Simulated Flue-Gas; Water Air Soil Pollut. 1995, 80, 1217–1226.
   Google Scholar
• CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 87th ed.; Taylor and Francis CRC: Oxford, U.K., 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Method 1631, Revision E: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: 2002; available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/methods/method/mercury/1631.pdf (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air, Chapter IO-5, Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Mercury; EPA 625/R-96/010a; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Research and Development: Cincinnati, OH, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Poindexter, F.E. Mercury Vapor Pressure at Low Temperatures; Physiol. Rev. 1925, 26, 859–868.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinson, J.F.; Rubinson, K.A. Contemporary Chemical Analysis. 1st ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Manolopoulos, H.; Snyder, D.C.; Schauer, J.J.; Turner, J.R.; Olson, M.L.; Krabbenhoft, D.P. Sources of Speciated Atmospheric Mercury at a Residential Neighbourhood Impacted by Industrial Sources; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 5626–5633.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J.; Long, R.W.; Modey, W.K.; Eatough, N.L. Semi-Volatile Secondary Organic Aerosol in Urban Atmospheres: Meeting a Measurement Challenge; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1277–1292.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, M.S.; Keeler, G.J. Atmospheric Mercury Deposition to Lake Michigan during the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4518–4524.
   Google Scholar