Hot Filter/Impinger and Dilution Sampling for Fine Particulate Matter Characterization from Ferrous Metal Casting Processes

References

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP 42, 5th ed.; Vol. I, Chapter 12; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch12/final/c12s10.pdf (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• American Foundry Society. Foundry Trends: Facts and Figures about the U.S. Foundry Industry Capacity Utilization; available at http://www.afsinc.org/Trends.htm (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR Part 63, National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Iron and Steel Foundries, Final Rule. Fed. Regist. 2004, 69, 21906-21940.
   Google Scholar
• Foundry Emission Reports 1999–2007; Casting Emissions Reduction Program; available at www.cerp-us.org (accessed 2007).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CFR Promulgated Test Methods; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate.html (accessed 2008).
   Google Scholar
• Corio, L.A.; Sherwell, J. In-Stack Condensible Particulate Matter Measurements and Issues; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 207-218.
   Google Scholar
• Wien, S.; England, G.C.; Loos, K.; Ritter, K. Investigation of Artifacts in Condensable Particulate Measurements from Stationary Combustion Sources. In Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association 94th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL; A&WMA: Pittsburgh, PA, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Holder, T.E.; Goshaw, D.G.; Richards, J.R. Artifact Formation in Method 202 Sampling Trains Used to Measure Condensable Particulate Matter Emissions from Portland Cement Kilns. In Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association 94th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL; A&WMA: Pittsburgh, PA, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, M.C.; England, G.C. Development of Fine Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles for Oil and Gas-Fired Combustion Systems, Update: Critical Review of Source Sampling and Analysis Methodologies for Characterizing Organic Aerosol and Fine Particulate Source Emission Profiles; General Electric Energy and Environmental Research: Irvine, CA, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, M.C.; Yi, S.M.; Hopke, P.K.; England, G.C.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G;. Measurement of Ultrafine Particle Size Distributions from Coal-, Oil-, and Gas-Fired Stationary Combustion Sources; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2004, 54, 1494-1505.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, M.C.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Glowacki, C.; Sheya, S.A.; Prabhu, A. Characterization of Fine Particulate Emissions from Casting Processes; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 947-959.
   Google Scholar
• England, G.C.; Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Zielinska, B.; Chang, M.C.; Loos, K.R.; Hidy, G.M. Dilution-Based Emissions Sampling from Stationary Sources. Part 1: Compact Sampler, Methodology and Performance; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57, 65-78.
   Google Scholar
• England, G.C.; Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Zielinska, B.; Chang, M.C.; Loos, K.R.; Hidy, G.M. Dilution-Based Emissions Sampling from Stationary Sources. Part 2: Gas-Fired Combustors Compared with Other Fuel-Fired Systems; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57, 79-93.
   Google Scholar
• Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines—Exhaust Emission Measurement. Part 1: Test-Bed Measurement of Gaseous and Particulate Exhaust Emissions; ISO-8178; International Standards Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Kuhns, H.D.; Etyemezian, V.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Crow, D.J.; Kohl, S.D.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; Green, M.C. Source Profiles for Industrial, Mobile, and Area Sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational (BRAVO) Study; Chemo-sphere 2004, 54, 185-208.
   Google Scholar
• Hildemann, L.M.; Cass, G.R.; Markowski, G.R. A Dilution Stack Sampler for Collection of Organic Aerosol Emissions: Design, Characterization and Field Tests; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1989, 10, 193-204.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, 2nd ed.; Baron, P., Willeke, K., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 2001; pp 821-844.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Houck, J.E. PM2.5 Chemical Source Profiles for Vehicle Exhaust, Vegetative Burning, Geological Material, and Coal Burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995; Chemosphere 2001, 43, 1141-1151.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S.W.; Pomalis, R.; Kan, B. A New Methodology for Source Characterization of Oil Combustion Particulate Matter; Fuel Proc. Technol. 2000, 65–66, 189-202.
   Google Scholar
• Yi, H.H.; Hao, J.M.; Duan, L.; Li, X.H.; Guo, X.M. Characteristics of Inhalable Particulate Matter Concentration and Size Distribution from Power Plants in China; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 1243-1251.
   Google Scholar
• Trombly, J. Recasting a Dirty Industry; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 76A–78A.
   Google Scholar
• Method 202: Condensible Particulate Matter Determination of Condensible Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; Technical Support Division: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Method 201A: Determination of PM10 Emissions (Constant Sampling Rate Procedure); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; Technical Support Division: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Dilution Test Method for Determining PM2.5 and PM10 Mass in Stack Gases; D22.03-WK8124; American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Measurement of PM2.5 and PM10 Emissions by Dilution Sampling (Constant Sampling Rate Procedures); CTM-039; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; Technical Support Division: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Frazier, C.A. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles; Landsberger, S., Creatchman, M., Eds.; Gordon and Breach Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1999; Vol. 1, pp 67-96.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Pritchett, L.C.; Pierson, W.R.; Frazier, C.A.; Purcell, R.G. The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System: Description, Evaluation and Applications in U.S. Air Quality Studies; Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27A, 1185-1201.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Chen, L.-W.A.; Arnott, W.P.; Moosmüller, H.; Fung, K.K. Equivalence of Elemental Carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with Different Temperature Protocols; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4414-4422.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles; Landsberger, S., Creatchman, M., Eds.; Gordon and Breach Science: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1999; Vol. 1, pp 97-137.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Park, K.; Lowenthal, D.H. Nanoparticle and Ultrafine Particle Events at the Fresno Supersite; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 417-430.
   Google Scholar