412
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Generation and Characterization of Diesel Exhaust in a Facility for Controlled Human Exposures

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 829-837 | Published online: 24 Jan 2012

References

  • Shah, S.D.; Cocker, D.R.; Miller, J.W.; Norbeck, J.M. Emission Rates of Particulate Matter and Elemental and Organic Carbon from In-Use Diesel Engines; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2544–2550.
  • Durbin, T.D.; Zhu, X.; Norbeck, J.M. The Effects of Diesel Particulate Filters and a Low-Aromatic, Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel on Emissions for Medium-Duty Diesel Trucks; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 2105–2116.
  • Lanni, T. Fine Urban and Precursor Emissions Control for Diesel Urban Transit Buses; Environ. Poll. 2003, 123, 427–437.
  • Lloyd, A.C.; Cackette, T.A. Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 809–847.
  • Lighty, J.S.; Veranth, J.M.; Sarofim, A.F. Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1565–1618.
  • Hetland, R.B.; Cassee, F.R.; Refsnes, M.; Schwarze, P.E.; Lag, M.; Boere, A.J.F.; Dybing, E. Release of Inflammatory Cytokines, Cell Toxicity and Apoptosis in Epithelial Lung Cells after Exposure to Ambient Air Particles of Different Size Fractions; Toxicol. In Vitro 2004, 18, 203–212.
  • Santini, M.T.; Rainaldi, G.; Ferrante, A.; Romano, R.; Clemente, S.; Motta, A.; De Berardis, B.; Balduzzi, M.; Paoletti, L.; Indovina, P.L. Environmental Fine Particulate Matter (PM2 . 5) Activates the Raw 264.7 Macrophage Cell Line Even at Very Low Concentrations as Revealed by H-1 NMR; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2004, 17, 63–74.
  • Carero, A.D.P.; Hoet, P.H.M.; Verschaeve, L.; Schoeters, G.; Nemery, B. Genotoxic Effects of Carbon Black Particles, Diesel Exhaust Particles, and Urban Air Particulates and Their Extracts on a Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line (A549) and a Human Monocytic Cell Line (THP-1); Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2001, 37, 155–163.
  • Baulig, A.; Sourdeval, M.; Meyer, M.; Marano, F.; Baeza-Squiban, A. Biological Effects of Atmospheric Particles on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Comparison with Diesel Exhaust Particles; Toxicol. In Vitro 2003, 17, 567–573.
  • Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust; EPA/600/8-90/057F; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Transportation and Air Quality; National Center for Environmental Assessment: Washington, DC; 2002; available at http://www.epa.gov/ncea (accessed 2008).
  • Kittelson, D.B.; Watts, W.F.; Johnson, J.P.; Remerowki, M.L.; Ische, E.E.; Oberdörster, G.; Gelein, R.A.; Elder, A.; Hopke, P.K.; Kim, E.; Zhao, W.; Zhou, L.; Jeong, C.H. On-Road Exposure to Highway Aerosols. 1. Aerosol and Gas Measurements; Inhal. Toxicol. 2004, 16, 31–39.
  • McDonald, J.D.; Barr, E.B.; White, R.K. Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Diesel Exhaust Exposure System; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 62–78.
  • Rudell, B.; Sandstrom, T.; Hammarstrom, U.; Ledin, M.L.; Horstedt, P.; Stjernberg, N. Evaluation of an Exposure Setup for Studying Effects of Diesel Exhaust in Humans; Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1994, 66, 77–83.
  • Nordenha¨ll, C.; Pourazar, J.; Blomberg, A.; Levin, J.-O.; Sandström, T.; Ádelroth, E. Airway Inflammation Following Exposure to Diesel Exhaust: a Study of Time Kinetics Using Induced Sputum; Eur. Respir. J. 2000, 15, 1046–1051.
  • Weymer, A.R.; Gong, H.; Lynness, A.; Linn, W.S. Pre-Exposure to Ozone Does Not Enhance or Produce Exercise-Induced Asthma; Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994, 149, 1413–1419.
  • FTP-75 Standard Federal Exhaust Emissions Driving Cycle; U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2003; available at http://www.ott.doe.gov/otu/field_ops/emis_tour/ftp-75.html (accessed 2008).
  • Baker, R. Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI. Personal communication, 2002.
  • Pandya, R.J.; Solomon, G.; Kinner, A.; Balmes, J.R. Diesel Exhaust and Asthma: Hypotheses and Molecular Mechanisms of Action; Environ. Health. Perspect. 2002, 110, 103–112.
  • Resolution 03-17 of California Air Resources Board, July 24, 2003; Agenda Item No. 03-6-2; California Air Resources Board: Sacramento, CA, 2003; available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/ulsd2003/res03-17.pdf (accessed 2008).
  • Wang, S.C.; Flagan, R.C. Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1990, 13, 230–240.
  • Cocker, D.R.; Flagan, R.C.; Seinfeld, J.H. State-of-the-Art Chamber for Studying Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 2594–2601.
  • Siegl, W.O.; Richert, J.F.O.; Jensen, T.E.; Schuetzle, D.; Swarin, S.J.; Loo, J.F.; Prostak, A.; Nagy, D.; Schlenker, A.M. Improved Emissions Speciation Methodology for Phase II of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program—Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Technical Paper 930142; SAE: Warrendale, PA, 1993.
  • Birch, M.E.; Cary, R.A. Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Studying Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1996, 25, 221–241.
  • Compendium Method TO-13A. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; EPA/625/R-96/010b; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 1999.
  • Shah, S.D.; Ogunyoku, T.A.; Miller, J.W.; Cocker, D.R. III; On-Road Emission Rates of PAH and n-Alkane Compounds from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5276–5284.
  • 26.Özkaynak, H.; Xue, J.; Spengler, J.; Wallace, L.; Pellizzari, E.; Jenkins, P. Personal Exposure to Airborne Particles and Metals: Results from the Particle Team Study in Riverside, California; J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1996, 6, 57–78.
  • Williams, R.; Suggs, J.; Creason, J.; Rodes, C.; Lawless, P.; Kwok, R.; Zweidinger, R.; Sheldon, L. The 1998 Baltimore Particulate Matter Epidemiology-Exposure Study: Part 2. Personal Exposure Assessment Associated with Elderly Study Population; J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2000, 10, 533–543.
  • Salvi, S.; Blomberg, A.; Rudell, B.; Kelly, F.; Sandstrom, T.; Holgate, S.T.; Frew, A. Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers; Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 159, 702–709.
  • Atlantic Richfield Company. West Coast ECD Specification Sheet, 2001; available at http://ecdiesel.com/documents/ecd_west_pi.pdf (accessed 2008).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.