377
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

The Longitudinal Dependence of Black Carbon Concentration on Traffic Volume in an Urban Environment

, , , , &
Pages 928-939 | Published online: 24 Jan 2012

References

  • Knox, E.G. Oil Combustion and Childhood Cancers; J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 2005, 59, 755–760.
  • Pearson, R.L.; Wachtel, H.; Ebi, K.L. Distance-Weighted Traffic Density in Proximity to a Home Is a Risk Factor for Leukemia and Other Childhood Cancers; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 175–180.
  • Bigert, C.; Gustavsson, P.; Hallqvist, J.; Hogstedt, C.; Lewne, M.; Plato, N.; Reuterwall, C.; Scheele, P. Myocardial Infarction among Professional Drivers; Epidemiol. 2003, 14, 333–339.
  • Brunekreef, B.; Janssen, N.A.; de Hartog, J.; Harssema, H.; Knape, M.; van Vliet, P. Air Pollution from Truck Traffic and Lung Function in Children Living near Motorways; Epidemiol. 1997, 8, 298–303.
  • Friedman, M.S.; Powell, K.E.; Hutwagner, L.; Graham, L.M.; Teague, W.G. Impact of Changes in Transportation and Commuting Behaviors during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on Air Quality and Childhood Asthma; JAMA 2001, 285, 897–905.
  • Weiland, S.K.; Mundt, K.A.; Ruckmann, A.; Keil, U. Self-Reported Wheezing and Allergic Rhinitis in Children and Traffic Density on Street of Residence; Ann. Epidemiol. 1994, 4, 243–247.
  • Wjst, M.; Reitmeir, P.; Dold, S.; Wulff, A.; Nicolai, T.; von Loeffelholz- Colberg, E.F.; von Mutius, E. Road Traffic and Adverse Effects on Respiratory Health in Children; BMJ 1993, 307, 596–600.
  • Zanobetti, A.; Schwartz, J. Air Pollution and Emergency Admissions in Boston, MA; J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 2006, 60, 890–895.
  • Zeka, A.; Sullivan, J.R.; Vokonas, P.S.; Sparrow, D.; Schwartz, J. Inflammatory Markers and Particulate Air Pollution: Characterizing the Pathway to Disease; Int. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 35, 1347–1354.
  • Gold, D.R.; Litonjua, A.A.; Zanobetti, A.; Coull, B.A.; Schwartz, J.; MacCallum, G.; Verrier, R.L.; Nearing, B.D.; Canner, M.J.; Suh, H.; Stone, P.H. Air Pollution and ST-Segment Depression in Elderly Subjects; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 883–887.
  • Schwartz, J.; Litonjua, A.; Suh, H.; Verrier, M.; Zanobetti, A.; Syring, M.; Nearing, B.; Verrier, R.; Stone, P.; MacCallum, G.; Speizer, F.E.; Gold, D.R. Traffic-Related Pollution and Heart Rate Variability in a Panel of Elderly Subjects; Thorax 2005, 60, 455–461.
  • Dockery, D.W.; Luttmann-Gibson, H.; Rich, D.Q.; Link, M.S.; Mittleman, M.A.; Gold, D.R.; Koutrakis, P.; Schwartz, J.D.; Verrier, R.L. Association of Air Pollution with Increased Incidence of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Recorded by Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 670–674.
  • O’Neill, M.S.; Veves, A.; Zanobetti, A.; Sarnat, J.A.; Gold, D.R.; Economides, P.A.; Horton, E.S.; Schwartz, J. Diabetes Enhances Vulnerability to Particulate Air Pollution-Associated Impairment in Vascular Reactivity and Endothelial Function; Circulation 2005, 111, 2913–2920.
  • Apelberg, B.J.; Buckley, T.J.; White, R.H. Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Cancer Risk from Air Toxics in Maryland; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 693–699.
  • Green, R.S.; Smorodinsky, S.; Kim, J.J.; McLaughlin, R.; Ostro, B. Proximity of California Public Schools to Busy Roads; Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 61–66.
  • Gunier, R.B.; Hertz, A.; Von Behren, J.; Reynolds, P. Traffic Density in California: Socioeconomic and Ethnic Differences among Potentially Exposed Children; J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2003, 13, 240–246.
  • Sabin, L.D.; Behrentz, E.; Winer, A.M.; Jeong, S.; Fitz, D.R.; Pankratz,D.V.; Colome, S.D.; Fruin, S.A. Characterizing the Range of Children’s Air Pollutant Exposure during School Bus Commutes; J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15, 377–387.
  • Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Park, K.; Lowenthal, D.H.; Park, K. Nano-particle and Ultrafine Particle Events at the Fresno Supersite; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 417–430.
  • Kittelson, D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles: a Review; J. Aerosol Sci. 1998, 29, 575–588.
  • Lena, T.S.; Ochieng, V.; Carter, M.; Holguin-Veras, J.; Kinney, P.L. Elemental Carbon and PM2.5 Levels in an Urban Community Heavily Impacted by Truck Traffic; Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110, 1009–1015.
  • Moosmuller, H.; Arnott, W.P.; Rogers, C.F.; Bowen, J.L.; Gillies, J.A.; Pierson, W.R.; Collins, J.F.; Durbin, T.D.; Norbeck, J.M. Time-Resolved Characterization of Diesel Particulate Emissions. 2. Instruments for Elemental and Organic Carbon Measurements; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 1935–1942.
  • Kinney, P.L.; Aggarwal, M.; Northridge, M.E.; Janssen, N.A.; Shepard, P. Airborne Concentrations of PM2.5 and Diesel Exhaust Particles on Harlem Sidewalks: a Community-Based Pilot Study; Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 213–218.
  • LaRosa, L.E.; Buckley, T.J.; Wallace, L.A. Real-Time Indoor and Outdoor Measurements of BC in an Occupied House: an Examination of Sources; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 41–49.
  • Novakov, T. The Role of Soot and Primary Oxidants in Atmospheric Chemistry; Sci. Total Environ. 1984, 36, 1–10.
  • van Vliet, P.; Knape, M.; de Hartog, J.; Janssen, N.; Harssema, H.; Brunekreef, B. Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children Living near Freeways; Environ. Res. 1997, 74, 122–132.
  • Goldberg, E.D. BC in the Environment: Properties and Distribution; J. Wiley: New York, 1985.
  • Babich, P.; Davey, M.; Allen, G.; Koutrakis, P. Method Comparisons for Particulate Nitrate, EC, and PM2.5 Mass in Seven U.S. Cities; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1095–1105.
  • Ballach, J.; Hitzenberger, R.; Schultz, E.; Jaeschke, W. Development of an Improved Optical Transmission Technique for BC Analysis; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 2089–2100.
  • Borak, J.; Sirianni, G.; Cohen, H.J.; Chemerynski, S.; Wheeler, R. Comparison of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 5040 Method versus Aethalometer to Monitor Diesel Particulate in School Buses and at Work Sites; AIHA J. 2003, 64, 260–268.
  • Cyrys, J.; Heinrich, J.; Hoek, G.; Meliefste, K.; Lewne, M.; Gehring, U.; Bellander, T.; Fischer, P.; van Vliet, P.; Brauer, M.; Wichmann, H.E.; Brunekreef, B. Comparison between Different Traffic-Related Particle Indicators: EC, PM2.5 Mass, and Absorbance; J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2003, 13, 134–143.
  • Hitzenberger, R.; Petzold, A.; Bauer, H.; Ctyroky, P.; Pouresmaeil, P.; Laskus, L.; Puxbaum, H. Intercomparison of Thermal and Optical Measurement Methods for Elemental Carbon and Black Carbon at an Urban Location; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 6377–6383.
  • Lavanchy, V.M.H.; Gaggeler, H.W.; Nyeki, S.; Baltensperger, U. EC and BC Measurements with a Thermal Method and an Aethalometer at the High-Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2759–2769.
  • Glaser, B.; Dreyer, A.; Bock, M.; Fiedler, S.; Mehring, M.; Heitmann, T. Source Apportionment of Organic Pollutants of a Highway-Traffic-Influenced Urban Area in Bayreuth (Germany) Using Biomarker and Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 3911–3917.
  • Jamriska, M.; Morawska, L. A Model for Determination of Motor Vehicle Emission Factors from On-Road Measurements with a Focus on Submicrometer Particles; Sci. Total Environ. 2001, 264, 241–255.
  • Singh, R.B.; Huber, A.H.; Braddock, J.N. Development of a Microscale Emission Factor Model for Particulate Matter for Predicting Real-Time Motor Vehicle Emissions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 1204–1217.
  • Gilliland, F.; Avol, E.; Kinney, P.; Jerrett, M.; Dvonch, T.; Lurmann, F.; Buckley, T.; Breysse, P.; Keeler, G.; de Villiers, T.; McConnell, R. Air Pollution Exposure Assessment for Epidemiologic Studies of Pregnant Women and Children: Lessons Learned from the Centers for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1447–1454.
  • Hopke, P.K.; Ito, K.; Mar, T.; Christensen, W.F.; Eatough, D.J.; Henry, R.C.; Kim, E.; Laden, F.; Lall, R.; Larson, T.V.; Liu, H.; Neas, L.; Pinto, J.; Stolzel, M.; Suh, H.; Paatero, P.; Thurston, G.D. PM Source Apportionment and Health Effects: 1. Intercomparison of Source Apportionment Results; J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2006, 16, 275–286.
  • Thurston, G.D.; Ito, K.; Mar, T.; Christensen, W.F.; Eatough, D.J.; Henry, R.C.; Kim, E.; Laden, F.; Lall, R.; Larson, T.V.; Liu, H.; Neas, L.; Pinto, J.; Stolzel, M.; Suh, H.; Hopke, P.K. Workgroup Report: Workshop on Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter Health Effects- Intercomparison of Results and Implications; Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1768-1774.
  • Raghunathan, T.E. What Do We Do with Missing Data? Some Options for Analysis of Incomplete Data; Annu. Rev. Public Health 2004, 25, 99–117.
  • Little, R.J.A.; Rubin, D.B. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data, 2nd ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2002.
  • USA Quickfacts Website; U.S. Census Bureau; available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2404000.html (accessed October 2, 2006).
  • Maryland State Traffic Monitoring System, Annual Average Daily Traffic Report, Baltimore City; Maryland State Highway Administration; available at http://www.marylandroads.com (accessed 2006).
  • 2003 Baltimore Central Business District (CBD) Trip Characteristics; Report Task Report 04-2; Transportation Planning Division; Baltimore Metropolitan Council: Baltimore, MD, 2003.
  • Baltimore Metropolitan Council Web Site; available at http://www.baltometro.org (accessed October 10, 2006).
  • The Aethalometer; Report 2003.04; Magee Scientific: Berkeley, CA, 2003.
  • Hansen, T. Template for Preparing Aethalometer 24-Hour Data Charts: Version for AE16 Single-Channel Instruments; Magee Scientific: Berkeley, CA, 1999.
  • SAS Version 9.1; SAS Institute: Cary, NC, 2006.
  • Box, G.E.P.; Jenkins, G.M.; Reinsel, G.C. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994.
  • Brocklebank, J.C.; Dickey, D.A. SAS for Forecasting Time Series, 2nd ed.; SAS Institute; John Wiley: Cary, NC; Hoboken, NJ, 2003.
  • Diggle, P.J. Time Series: A Biostatistical Introduction; Clarendon: Oxford, U.K., 1990.
  • Greene, W.H. Econometric Analysis; 5th ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003.
  • Bond, T.C.; Anderson, T.L.; Campbell, D. Calibration and Intercom-parison of Filter-Based Measurements of Visible Light Absorption by Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999, 30, 582–600.
  • Kirchstetter, T.W.; Novakova, T. Controlled Generation of BC Particles from a Diffusion Flame and Applications in Evaluating BC Measurement Methods; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 1874-1888.
  • Weingartner, E.; Saathoff, H.; Schnaiter, M.; Streit, N.; Bitnar, B.; Baltensperger, U. Absorption of Light by Soot Particles: Determination of the Absorption Coefficient by Means of Aethalometers; J. Aerosol Sci. 2003, 34, 1445–1463.
  • Allen, G. The Aethalometer for BC: What it is, What it does, Where it’s Going?; Clean Air Association of the Northeast States: Boston, MA, 2006.
  • Turner, J.; Allen, G. Aethalometer Data Masher, version 4.2g; 2003.
  • Houseman, E.A.; Ryan, L.; Levy, J.I.; Spengler, J.D. Autocorrelation in Real-Time Continuous Monitoring of Microenvironments; J. Appl. Statistics 2002, 29, 855–872.
  • Reponen, T.; Grinshpun, S.A.; Trakumas, S.; Martuzevicius, D.; Wang, Z.M.; LeMasters, G.; Lockey, J.E.; Biswas, P. Concentration Gradient Patterns of Aerosol Particles near Interstate Highways in the Greater Cincinnati Airshed; J. Environ. Monit. 2003, 5, 557–562.
  • Wrobel, A.; Rokita, E.; Maenhaut, W. Transport of Traffic-Related Aerosols in Urban Areas; Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 257, 199–211.
  • Begum, B.A.; Biswas, S.K.; Hopke, P.K. Temporal Variations and Spatial Distribution of Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 358, 36–45.
  • Chaloulakou, A.; Kassomenos, P.; Spyrellis, N.; Demokritou, P.; Koutrakis, P. Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 Particle Concentrations in Athens, Greece; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 649–660.
  • Kassomenos, P.; Kotroni, V.; Kallos, G. Analysis of Climatological andAir Quality Observations from Greater Athens Area; Atmos. Environ.1995, 29, 3671–3688.
  • Zhu, Y.; Hinds, W.C.; Kim, S.; Sioutas, C. Concentration and Size Distribution of Ultrafine Particles near a Major Highway; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 1032–1042.
  • Hansen, A.D.A., Novakov, T. Real-Time Measurements of the Size Fractionation of Ambient BC Aerosols at Elevated Humidities; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1989, 10, 106–110.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.