2,401
Views
99
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Real-World In-Use Activity, Fuel Use, and Emissions for Nonroad Construction Vehicles: A Case Study for Excavators

, , , , &
Pages 1033-1046 | Published online: 24 Jan 2012

References

  • National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Air Pollutant Emission Trends Data; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2005; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html#tables (accessed May 2006).
  • Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation: Volume IV: Mobile Sources; EPA-450/4-81-026; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Mobile Sources; Ann Arbor, MI; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1992.
  • Frey, H.C.; Bammi, S. Probabilistic Nonroad Mobile Source Emission Factors; J. Environ. Engineer 2003, 129, 162–168.
  • Hare, C.T.; Springer, K.J. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines; Final Report Part 5, Heavy-Duty Farm, Construction, and Industrial Engines; Prepared for the Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and National Air Data Branch U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Contract No. EHS 70-108, by Southwest Research Institute: San Antonio, TX, 1973.
  • Martin, S.F. Diesel Particulate by 1986 HD Transient Federal Test Procedure; Final Report; Prepared for Engine Manufacturers Association, Chicago, IL, by Southwest Research Institute: San Antonio, TX, 1981.
  • Ullman, T.L. Emissions Evaluation of Two Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines on Two Low-Sulfur Fuels with Variation in Aromatics; Prepared for California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, Contract No. A4-132-32, by Southwest Research Institute: San Antonio, TX, 1988.
  • Fritz, S.G. Dynamometer Testing of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines to Support Non-Road Regulations; Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, SwRI 08-3426-010, by Southwest Research Institute: San Antonio, TX, 1991.
  • Smith M.J. Dynamometer Testing of Nonroad Diesel Engines to Support Nonroad Regulations; SwRI 08-4855; Prepared by Southwest Research Institute for Sierra Research, Buffalo, NY, 1992.
  • Hare, C.T., Bradow R.L. Characterization of Heavy-Duty Diesel Gaseous and Particulate Emissions, and Effects of Fuel Composition. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Technical Paper 790490; SAE: Warrendale, PA, 1979.
  • Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study (NEVES); EPA 460/3-91-02; NTIS Accession No. PB92-126960; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Mobile Sources: Ann Arbor, MI, 1991.
  • Beardsley, M., Lindhjem, C.E. Exhaust Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling—Compression Ignition; Report No. NR-009A; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Mobile Sources: Ann Arbor, MI, 1998.
  • Frey, H.C.; Unal, A.; Chen, J.; Li, S.; Xuan, C. Methodology for Developing Modal Emission Rates for EPA’s Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emission Estimation System; EPA-420-R-02-027; Prepared for the Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, by North Carolina State University: Raleigh, NC, 2002.
  • Kelly, N.A.; Groblicki, P.J. Real-World Emissions from a Modern Production Vehicle Driven in Los Angeles; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1993, 5, 1351–1357.
  • Pelkmans, L.; Keukeleere, D.D.; Bruneel, H.; Lenaers, G. Influence of Vehicle Test Cycle Characteristics on Fuel Consumption and Emissions of City Buses; Document No. 2001-01-2002, International Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Society for Automotive Engineers, May 2001.
  • Gautam, M. In-Use, On-Road Emissions Testing of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities. Presented at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Mobile Sources Technical Review Subcommittee, Alexandria, VA, February 2002; available at http://www.epa.gov/air/caaac/mstrs/gautum.pdf (accessed May 28, 2008).
  • Gautam, M.; Clark, N.N.; Thompson, G.J.; Carder, D.K.; Lyons, D.W. Evaluation of Mobile Monitoring Technologies for Heavy-Duty Diesel-Powered Vehicle Emissions; Prepared by the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, for Settling Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine (S-HDDE) Manufacturers: Morgantown, WV, 2000.
  • Scarbro, C. An Investigation of Rover’s Capabilities to Accurately Measure the In-Use Activity and Emissions of Late-Model Diesel and Gasoline Trucks. In Proceedings of the 10th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop; Coordinating Research Council: Atlanta, GA, 2000.
  • Johnson, D. ROVER Been There; Recorded That. Presented at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Mobile Sources Technical Review Subcommittee, Alexandria, VA, February 2002.
  • Jennings, K. In-Use HD Diesel Testing Program. Presented at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Mobile Sources Technical Review Subcommittee, Alexandria, VA, February 2002.
  • Vojtisek-Lom, M.; Allsop, J. Development of Heavy-Duty Diesel Portable, On-Board Mass Exhaust Emissions Monitoring System with NOx, CO2, and Qualitative PM Capabilities; J. Soc. Auto. Eng. 2001, 5, 636–642.
  • Wilson, R. On-Road, In-Use Emissions Test Systems. Presented at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Mobile Sources Technical Review Subcommittee, Alexandria, VA, February 2002.
  • Oestergaard, K. The Horiba Approach to On-Board Measurement. Presented at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Mobile Sources Technical Review Subcommittee, Alexandria, VA, February 2002.
  • Butler, J.W. Dynamometer Quality On-Board Vehicles for Real-World Emissions Measurements. In Proceedings of the 9th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop; Coordinating Research Council: Atlanta, GA, 1999.
  • OEM-2100 Montana System: Operational Manual; Draft Version 2.04; Clean Air Technologies International: Buffalo, NY, 2003.
  • Vojtisek-Lom, M. Real-World Exhaust Emissions from Construction Equipment at the World Trade Center No. 7 Site; Prepared for Coordinated Air Use Management for Northeast States by Clean Air Technologies International, Inc.: Buffalo, NY, 2003.
  • Gautam, M.; Carder, D.; Clark, N.; Lyons, D.W. Testing for Exhaust Emissions of Diesel Powered Off-Road Engines; APB Contract Number 98-317; Prepared for the California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency: Sacramento, CA, by West Virginia University: Morgantown, WV, 2002.
  • May, D.F.; Fisher, L.; Tennis, C.; Parrish, T. Simple, Portable, On-Vehicle Testing (SPOT) Final Report; Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Analytical Engineering: Columbus, IN, 2002.
  • EPA’s Onboard Analysis Shootout: Overview and Results; EPA420-02-026; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Transportation and Air Quality: Ann Arbor, MI, 2002.
  • University of California at Riverside. Evaluating the Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Construction Equipment. In Proceedings of the 17th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop; Coordinating Research Council: Atlanta, GA, 2007.
  • Nunnally, S.W. Construction Methods and Management, 2nd ed.; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs; NJ, 1987; pp 6–8.
  • NONROAD2004 Model; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/nonrdmdl/nr-arch.htm (accessed February 13, 2006).
  • Nonroad Engine Population Estimates; EPA-420-P-04-006; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Transportation and Air Quality: Ann Arbor, MI, 2004.
  • Caterpillar Performance Handbook, 34th ed.; Caterpillar: Peoria, IL, 2004, pp 4–185.
  • Barrett, P. Excavators—the Basic Tool; J. Australian Mining 1986, 4, 31–33.
  • Nigel, N.C.; Kern, J.M.; Atkinson, C.M.; Nine, R.D. Factors Affecting Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emissions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 5, 84–94.
  • Gingrich, J.; Timothy, W.G.; Callahan, J.; Dodge, L.G. Humidity and Temperature Correction Factors for NOx Emissions from Spark Ignited Engines; Prepared for ENVIRON International, Novato, CA, by Southwest Research Institute: San Antonio, TX, 2003.
  • Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Non-Road Diesel Engines and Fuel; Fed. Regist. 2004, 69 (124), 38960–38962.
  • California Air Resources Board. Rulemaking on the Proposed Amendments to the California Off-Road Emissions Regulation for Compression-Ignition Engines and Equipment; Amend Article 4, Chapter 9, Division 3, Title 13; California Code of Regulations: Sacramento, CA, 2004.
  • Futaba, D.; Chou, D.; Benjamin, M. Updated Off-Road Diesel Construction Equipment Emission Estimates in California’s Off-Road Model. In Proceedings of the 17th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop; Coordinating Research Council: Atlanta, GA, 2007.
  • Code of Federal Regulations, Part 89, Title 40, Subpart E, Appendix B, Table 1; available at http://arb.ca.gov/bluebook/bb06/t40/t_40_udhead523. htm (accessed January 27, 2008).
  • Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling: Compression-Ignition; EPA-420-P-009; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Transportation and Air Quality: Ann Arbor, MI, 2004.
  • EPA Nonregulatory Nonroad Duty Cycles: Individual Cycles and Charts; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; available at http://www. epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/cycles/nrcycles.htm(accessed May 2006).
  • Frey, H.C.; Rouphail, N.M.; Unal, A.; Colyar, J. Emission Reductions through Better Traffic Management: an Empirical Evaluation Based upon On-Road Measurements; FHWY/NC/2002-001; Prepared by Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, for the North Carolina Department of Transportation: Raleigh, NC, 2001.
  • Tong, H.Y.; Hung, W.T.; Cheung, C.S. On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Driving Conditions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 543–554.
  • Frey, H.C.; Rouphail, N.M.; Unal, A.; Colyar, J. Measurement of On-Road Tailpipe Emissions Using a Portable Instrument; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 992–1002.
  • Vojtisek-Lom, M.; Cobb, J.T. Vehicle Mass Emissions Measurement Using a Portable 5-Gas Exhaust Analyzer and Engine Computer Data. In Proceedings of Emission Inventory: Planning for Future; A&WMA: Pittsburg, PA, 1997, pp 656–669.
  • Singer, B.C.; Harley, D.A.; Littlejohn, D.; Ho, J.; Vo, T. Scaling of Infrared Remote Sensor Hydrocarbon Measurements for Motor Vehicle Emission Inventory Calculations; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 3241–3248.
  • Frey, H.C.; Kim, K. Operational Evaluation of Emissions and Fuel Use of B20 versus Diesel Fuel Dump Trucks; Research Project No. HWY 2004-18; Prepared by the Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, 2005.
  • Frey, H.C.; Unal, A.; Chen, J. Recommended Strategy for On-Board Emission Data Analysis and Collection for the New Generation Mode; Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Ann Arbor, MI, by the Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University: Raleigh, NC, 2002.
  • Challen, B.; Baranescu, R. Diesel Engine Reference Book, 2nd ed.; Society of Automotive Engineers: Warrendale, PA, 1999, p 56.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.