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Technical Paper

Direct Measurement of Fugitive Emissions of Hydrocarbons from a Refinery

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Pages 1047-1056 | Published online: 24 Jan 2012

References

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  • Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Benzene; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; National Center for Environmental Assessment; Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 2002.
  • EPA Method 21: Determination of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Emissions Measurement Center; available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/methods/method21.html (accessed 2007).
  • ICF Consulting, Inc. Smart Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) for Control of Fugitive Emissions; American Petroleum Institute: Washington, DC, 2004.
  • Chambers, A.K. Well Test Flare Plume Monitoring Phase II: DIAL Testing in Alberta; CEM 7454-2003; Alberta Research Council: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2003.
  • Chambers, A.K. Optical Measurement Technology for Fugitive Emissions from Upstream Oil and Gas Facilities; CEM-P004.03; Alberta Research Council: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2004.
  • Fredriksson, K.A. In Laser Remote Chemical Analysis; Measures, R.M., Ed.; Vol. 94 of Wiley InterScience Series on Chemical Analysis; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1988; Vol. 94, pp 273–332.
  • Smithers, B.; McKay, J.; Van Ophem, G.; Van Parijs, K.; White, L. VOC Emissions from External Floating Roof Tanks: Comparison of Remote Measurements by Laser with Calculation Methods; Report No. 95/52. Prepared for Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe Air Quality Management Group: Brussels, Belgium, 1995.
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  • Environmental Code of Practice for the Measurement and Control of Fugitive VOC Emissions from Equipment Leaks; CCME-EPC-73E; Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1993.
  • Frisch, L. Fugitive VOC-Emissions Measured at Oil Refineries in the Province of Vastra Gotaland in South West Sweden; Publication No. 2003:56; Goteborgs Lanstryckeri: Goteborg, Sweden, 2003.

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