Chemical-Sensory Characterization of Dairy Manure Odor Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry

References

• Miner, J.R.; Kreis, R.D.; Kerr, R.S. Odors from Confined Livestock Production; EPA-660/2-74-023; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, D.H.; Phillips, V.R. A Review of the Control of Odour Nuisance from Livestock Buildings: Part 3. Properties of the Odorous Substances Which Have Been Identified in Livestock Wastes or in Air around Them; J. Ag. Eng. Res. 1992, 53, 23–50.
   Google Scholar
• Pillai, S.D.; Ricke, S.C. Bioaerosols from Municipal and Animal Wastes: Background and Contemporary Issues; Can. J. Microbiol. 2002, 48, 681–696.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge and Future Needs; National Academies: Washington, DC, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffman, S.S. Livestock Odors: Implications for Human Health and Well-Being; J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76, 1343–1355.
   Google Scholar
• Yasuhara, A.; Fuwa, K.; Jimbu, M. Identification of Odorous Compounds in Fresh and Rotten Swine Manure; Ag. Biol. Chem. 1984, 48, 3001–3010.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, P.J.; Misselbrook, T.H.; Pain, B.F. Emission Rate of Odorous Compounds from Pig Slurries; J. Sci. Food Ag. 1998, 77, 341–348.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffman, S.S.; Bennett, J.L.; Raymer, J.H. Quantification of Odors and Odorants from Swine Operations in North Carolina; Ag. Forest Meteorol. 2001, 108, 213–240.
   Google Scholar
• Zahn, J.A.; DiSpirito, A.A.; Do, Y.S.; Brooks, B.E.; Cooper, E.E.; Hatfield, J.L. Correlation of Human Olfactory Responses to Airborne Concentrations of Malodorous Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Swine Effluent; J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 624–634.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, Y.C.; Koziel, J.A.; Cai, L.; Hoff, S.J.; Jenks, W.S.; Xin, H. Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Swine Manure Using Solid Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry System; J. Environ. Qual. 2008, 37, 521–534.
   Google Scholar
• Sunesson, A.L.; Gullberg, J.; Blomquist, G. Airborne Chemical Compounds on Dairy Farms; J. Environ. Monit. 2001, 3, 210–216.
   Google Scholar
• Rabaud, N.E.; Ebeler, S.E.; Ashbaugh, L.L.; Flocchini, R.G. Characterization and Quantification of Odorous and Non-Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds near a Commercial Dairy in California; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 933–940.
   Google Scholar
• Rumburg, B.; Neger, M.; Mount, G.H.; Yonge, D.; Filipy, J.; Swain, J.; Kincaid, R.; Johnson, K. Liquid and Atmospheric Ammonia Concentrations from a Dairy Lagoon during an Aeration Experiment; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 1523–1533.
   Google Scholar
• Filipy, J.; Rumburg, B.; Mount, G.; Westberg, H.; Lamb, B. Identification and Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 1480–1494.
   Google Scholar
• Mount, G.H.; Rumburg, B.; Havig, J.; Lamb, B.; Westberg, H.; Yonge, D.; Johnson, K.; Kincaid, R. Measurement of Atmospheric Ammonia at a Dairy Using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy in the Mid-Ultraviolet; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1799–1810.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell, L.L.; Trabue, S. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science; Aneja, V.P., Ed.; North Carolina State University: Raleigh, NC, 2006; pp 153–157.
   Google Scholar
• Keener, K.M.; Zhang, J.; Bottcher, R.W.; Munilla, R.D. Evaluation of Thermal Desorption for the Measurement of Artificial Swine Odorants in the Vapor Phase; Trans. ASAE 2002, 45, 1579–1584.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Spinhirne, J.P.; Lloyd, J.D. Evaluation of Sample Recovery of Malodorous Livestock Gases from Air Sampling Bags, SPME, Tenax TA Sorbent Tubes, and Sampling Canisters; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55, 1147–1157.
   Google Scholar
• Trabue, S.L.; Anhalt, J.; Zahn, J.A;. Bias of Tedlar Bags in the Measurement of Agricultural Odorants; J. Environ. Qual. 2006, 35, 1668–1667.
   Google Scholar
• Powers, W. Protocol Development for Measurement of Trace Gases Associated with Manure Storage and Odor; Final Report; available at http://www.porkboard.org/environment/Research/researchReports/2000PDF/00-004-Powers-ISU.pdf (accessed September 17, 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Woolfenden, E.A.; McClenny, W.A. Compendium Method TO-17. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes, 2nd ed.; EPA/625/R-96/010b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Jia, M.; Pawliszyn, J. Air Sampling with Porous Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers; Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5178–5186.
   Google Scholar
• Augusto, F.; Koziel, J.; Pawliszyn, J. Design and Validation of Portable SPME Devices for Rapid Field Air Sampling and Diffusion-Based Calibration; Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 481–486.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D.W.; Mahler, K.O.; Ballard, L.B. The Application of an Expanded Multidimensional GC System to Complex Fragrance Evaluations; J. Chrom. Sci. 1986, 24, 60–65.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D.W.; Eaton, D.K.; Nielsen, L.T.; Kuhrt, F.W.; Koziel, J.A.; Spinhirne, J.P.; Parker, D.B. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry for the Identification and Prioritization of Malodors from Confined Animal Feeding Operations; J. Ag. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 8663–8672.
   Google Scholar
• Pfannkoch, E.A.; Kinton, V.R.; Whitecavage, J.A. Multidimensional GC Analysis of Complex Samples; AppNote 2/2005; Gerstel, Inc.: Baltimore, MD, 2005; available at http://www.gerstel.com/p-gc-an-2005-02.pdf2005 (accessed July 29, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Bulliner, E.A.; Koziel, J.A.; Cai, L.; Wright, D. Characterization of Livestock Odors Using Steel Plates, Solid Phase Microextraction, and Multidimensional-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006, 56, 1391–1403.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Cai, L.; Wright, D.; Hoff, S. Solid Phase Microextraction as a Novel Air Sampling Technology for Improved, GC-Olfactometry-Based, Assessment of Livestock Odors; J. Chrom. Sci. 2006, 44, 451–457.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, L.; Koziel, J.A.; Lo, Y-C.; Hoff, S.J. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Odorants Associated with Swine Barn Particulate Matter Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry; J. Chrom. A 2006, 1102, 60–72.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, L.; Koziel, J.A.; Nguyen, A.T.; Liang, Y.; Xin, H. Evaluation of Zeolite for Control of Odorants Emissions from Simulated Poultry Manure Storage; J. Environ. Qual. 2007, 36, 184–193.
   Google Scholar
• Sukola, K.; Koziel, J.; Augusto, F.; Pawliszyn, J. Diffusion-Based Calibration for SPME Analysis of Aqueous Samples; Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Laor, Y.; Orenstein, P.; Baybikov, R.; Ravid, U. A Screening Test for Field and Resistant Odor Assessors. In Proceedings of the WEF/A&WMA Odor and Air Emission Conference, Phoenix, AZ., April 6-9, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Koziel, J.A.; Lo, Y.-C.; Wright, D.D.; Nielsen, L.; Trabue, S.; Kerr, B. The Use of SPME and Multidimensional GC-MS-Olfactometry System for Identification of Key Odorants from Swine Manure. In Proceedings of the 2005 A&WMA Annual Meeting and Exhibition; A&WMA: Minneapolis, MN, 2005; Paper 996.
   Google Scholar
• Lestremau, F.; Andersson, F.A.T.; Desauziers, V. Investigation of Artefact Formation during Analysis of Volatile Sulphur Compounds Using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME); Chromatographia 2004, 59, 607–613.
   Google Scholar
• Devos, M.; Patte, F.; Roualt, J.; Laffort, P.; Van Gemert, L.J. Standardized Human Olfactory Thresholds. IRL/Oxford: New York, 1990.
   Google Scholar