REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.2000
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.199736(suppl)177S193S9432517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKennaK.GordonCT.LenaneM.KaysenD.RapoportJL.Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: the first 71 cases screened.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1994336366448056726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UlloaRE.BirmaherB.AxelsonD.et al.Psychosis in a pediatric mood and anxiety disorders clinic: phenomenology and correlates.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.20003933734510714054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarlsonG.Identifying prepubertal mania.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1995347507537608048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GellerB.LubyJ.Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.199736116811769291717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoodwinFK.JamisonKR.Manic Depressive illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.1990
   Google Scholar
• EggersC.BunkD.VolbergG.RopckeB.The ESSEN study of childhoodonset schizophrenia: selectee! results.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.19998(suppl 1)122128
   Google Scholar
• Alaghband-RadJ.McKennaK.GordonCT.et al.Childhood-onset schizophrenia: the severity of premorbid course.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.199534127312837592264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenWH.Padron-GayolM.HardestyAS.BassiriM.Schizophrenia with childhood onset: a phenomenological study of 38 cases.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1992319689761400132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EggersC.BunkD.The long-term course of childhood-onset schizophrenia.Schizophr Bull.1997231051179050117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RussellAT.The clinical presentation of childhood-onset schizophrenia.Schizophr Bull.1994206316467701273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaziadeM.GingrasN.RodrigueC.et al.Long-term stability of diagnosis and symptom dimensions in a systematic sample of patients with onset of schizophrenia in childhood and early adolescence. I: Nosology, sex, and age of onset.Br J Psychiatry.19961693613708879724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaziadeM.BouchardS.GingrasN.et al.Long-term stability of diagnosis in a systematic sample of patients with onset of schizophrenia in childhood and early adolescence. II: postnegative distinction and childhood predictors of adult outcome.Br J Psychiatry.19961693713739004982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MollisC.Child and adolescent (juvenile onset) schizophrenia. A case control study of premorbid developmental impairments.Br J Psychiatry.19951664894957795921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StroberM.Schmidt-LacknerS.FreemanR.BowerS.LampertC.De AntonioM.Recovery and relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness: a 5-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1995347247317608045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellanJ.McCurryC.SnellJ.DuboseA.Early-onset psychotic disorders: course and outcome over a 2-year period.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1999381380138810560224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WerryJS.McClellanJM.ChardL.Childhood and adolescent schizophrenic. Dipolar, and schizoaffective disorders: a clinical and outcome study.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1991304574652055884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellanJM.WerryJS.HamM.A follow-up study of early onset psychosis: comparison between outcome diagnosis of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and personality disorders.J Autism Dev Disord.1993232432628331046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirmaherB.RyanND.WilliamsonDE.et al.Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10years. Part I.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.199635142714398936909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirmaherB.RyanND.WilliamsonDE.BrentDA.KaufmanJ.Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.199635157 51583
   Google Scholar
• McClellanJM.WerryJS.HamM.A follow-up study of early onset psychosis: comparison between outcome diagnoses of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and personality disorders.J Autism Dev Disord.1993232432628331046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellanJM.McCurryC.Early onset psychotic disorders: diagnostic stability and clinical characteristics.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.19998131910638364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumraS.JacobsonLK.LenaneM.et al.“Multidimensionally impaired disorder”: is it a variant of very early-onset schizophrenia?J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.19983791999444905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZalsmanG.CohenDJ.Multiplex developmental disorder.Isr J Psychiatry RelatSci.199835300306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der GaagRT.BuitelaarJ.Van den BanE.BezemerM.NjioL.Van EngelandH.A controlled multivariate chart review of multiple complex developmental disorder.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.199534109611067665449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumraS.GieddJN.VaituzisAC.et al.Childhood-onset psychotic disorders: magnetic resonance imaging of volumetric differences in brain structure.Am J Psychiatry.20001571467147410964864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WaldekTL.MillerLS.Social skills deficits in schizotypal personality disorder.Psychiatry Res.20009323724610760382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiforioD.WalkerEF.KestlerLP.Executive functions in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder.Schizophr Res.20004212513410742650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossA.Van OsJ.FananasL.et al.Developmental instability and schizotypy.Schizophr Res.20004312513410858631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KolvinI.BerneyT.Childhood schizophrenia. In: Tonge G, Burrows G, Werry J, eds.Handbook of Studies on Child Psychiatry. London, UK: Elsevier.1990123135
   Google Scholar
• DoneDJ.CroweTJ.JohnstoneEC.SackerA.Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11.BMJ.19943096997037950522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElmanI.SiglerM.KronenbergJ.et al.Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia successive to childhood attention hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Isr J Psychiatry.199835280286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AsarnowRF.BrownW.StrandburgR.Children with a schizophrenic disorder: neurobehavioral studies.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.199524570797654791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaplanR.GutherieD.FoyJG.Communication deficits and formal thought disorder in schizophrenic children.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1992311511591537768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaplanR.Discourse deficits in children with schizophrenic spectrum disorder. In: Beichtman JH, Cohen N, Konstantareas M, Tannock R, eds.Language, Learning, and Behavioral Disorders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.1996156177
   Google Scholar
• CaplanR.Communication deficits in childhood schizophrenia spectrum disorder.Schizophr Bull.1994206716847701275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaplanR.GutherieD.TangB.KomoS.AsarnowRF.Thought disorder in childhood schizophrenia: replication and update of concept.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.20003977177810846312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-AkelA.CaplanR.GitherieD.KomoS.Childhood schizophrenia: responsiveness to questions during conversation.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.20003977979010846313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicolsonR.LenaneM.SingaracharluS.et al.Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors.Am J Psychiatry.200015779480010784474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SigurdssonE.FombonneE.SayalK.CheckleyS.Neurodevelopmental antecedents of early-onset bipolar affective disorder.Br J Psychiatry.199917412112710211165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BassoMR.NasrallahHA.OisonSC.BornsteinRA.Cognitive deficits distinguish patients with adolescent - and adult-onset schizophrenia.Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychoi Behav Neurol.199710107112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OieM.RundB.Neuropsychological deficits in adolescent-onset schizophrenia compared with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Am J Psychiatry.19991561216122210450263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AsarnowRF.MacCrimmonDJ.Attention, information processing, neuropsychological functioning, and thought disorder during the acute and partial recovery phases of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study.Psychiatry Res.198213093196962439
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KaratekinC.AsarnowRF.Working memory in childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Psychiatry Res.1998801651769754696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AsarnowRF.Neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia: a piece of the epigenetic puzzle.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.19998(suppl)58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BedwellJS.KellerB.SmithAK.HamburgerS.KumraS.RapoportJL.Why does postpsychotic IQ decline in childhood-onset schizophrenia?Am J Psychiatry.19991561996199710588420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlenmeyer-KimlingL.RockD.RobertsSA.et al.Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychosis: the New York High-Risk Project.Am J Psychiatry.20001571416142210964857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumraS.WiggsE.BedwellJ.et al.Neuropsychological deficits in pediatric patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia and psychotic disorder not otherwise specified.Schizophr Res.20004213514410742651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HooperS.CourvoisieH.FineC.KruckS.Neuropsychological functioning in children with bipolar disorder Presented at the International Neuropsychological Society Meeting. Denver, Co, February 18. 2000
   Google Scholar
• DecinaP.KestenbaumCJ.FarberS.KronL.Gargan SackeimHA.FieveRR.Clinical and psychological assessment of children of bipolar probands.Am J Psychiatry.19831405485536846582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KovacsM.Children's Depression inventory Manual. North Towanda, NY: Multihealth Systems.1992
   Google Scholar
• YoungRC.NysewanderRW.ScheiberMT.Mania scale scores, signs, and symptoms in 40 inpatients.J Clin Psychiatry.198344981006833196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KolvinI.Studies in childhood psychosis: I. Diagnostic criteria and classification.Br J Psychiatry.19711183813845576635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KolvinI.OunstedC.HumphreyM.McNayA.Studies in childhood psychosis: II. The phenomenology of childhood psychosis.Br J Psychiatry.19711183853955576636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RussellAT.The clinical presentation of childhood-onset schizophrenia.Schizophr Bull.1994206316467701273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarlsonGA.FennigS.BrometEJ.The confusion between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in youth: where does it stand in the 1990s?J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1994334534608005897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaufmanJ.BirmaherB.BrentDA.RyanND.RaoU.K-SADS-PL.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.200039120811026169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReichW.ShaykaJJ.TaiblesonC.Diagnostic interview for Children and Adolescents, Revised. St Louis, Mo: Washington University.1991
   Google Scholar
• FirstMB.GibbonM.SpitzerRl.WilliamsJ.User's Guide for the Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Research Version. New York, NY: Biométrie Research, New York Psychiatric Institute.1997
   Google Scholar
• GellerB.WarnerK.WilliamsM.ZimermanB.Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASHU-KSADS, CBCL, and TRF.J Affect Disord.1998519310010743842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCellanJ.McCurryC.Early onset psychotic disorders: diagnostic stability clinical characteristics.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.19998(suppl)131910638364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MollisC.Adult outcomes of child- and adult-onset schizophrenia: diagnostic stability and predictive validity.Am J Psychiatry.20001571652165911007720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PoultonR.AvshalomC.MoffittTE.CannonM.MurrayR.HarringtonH.Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study.Arch Gen Psychiatry.2000571053105811074871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MokrosHB.PoznanskiE.GrossmanJA.FreemanLN.A comparison of child and parent ratings of depression for normal and clinically referred children.J Child Psychol Psychiatry.1987286136243654810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FieldsJH.GrochowskiS.LindenmeyerJP.et al.Assessing positive and negative symptoms in children and adolescents.Am J Psychiatry.1994152492538296898
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health. CGI (Clinical Global Impression Scale).Psychopharmacol Bull.198521839843
   Google Scholar
• WeissmanMM.WarnerV.FendrichM.Applying impairment criteria to children's psychiatric diagnosis.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1990297897952228935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KendlerKS.Schizophrenia: genetics. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, eds.Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippencott, Williams & Wilkins.1999111471159
   Google Scholar
• KendlerKS.KendlerMD.MyersJM.et al.Clinical features of schizophrenia and linkage to chromosomes 5q, 6p, 8p, and 10p in the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families.Am J Psychiatry.200015740240810698816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EliezS.SchmittJE.WhiteCD.ReissAL.Children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome: a volumetric MRI study.Am J Psychiatry.200015740941510698817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicolsonR.GieddJN.LenaneM.et al.Clinical and neurobiological correlates of cytogenetic abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry.19991561575157910518169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuttonSB.CrawfordTJ.KennardC.BarnesTR.JoyceEM.Smooth pursuit eye tracking over a structured background in first-episode schizophrenic patients.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.200025022122511097164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LencerR.MalchowCP.KreckerK.et al.Smooth pursuit performance in families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia and nonpsychotic families.Biol Psychiatry.19994569470310187999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossRG.HommerD.RadantA.RoathM.FreedmanR.Early expression of smooth-pursuit eye movement abnormalities in children of schizophrenic parents.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.199635941949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SweeneyJA.ClementzBA.HaasGL.EscobarMD.DrakeK.FrancesAJ.Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: characterization of component eye movement abnormalities, diagnostic specificity, and the role of attention.J Ahnorm Psychol.1994103222230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossRG.OlineyA.HarrisJG.RadantA.AdlerLE.FreedmanR.Anticipatory saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements and familial transmission of schizophrenia.Biol Psychiatry.1998446906979798072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossRG.OlineyA.HarrisJG.et al.Evidence for bilinieal inheritance of physiological indicators of risk in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Am J Med Genet.19998818819910206241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeinsteinDD.DiforioD.SchiffmanJ.WalkerE.BonsallR.Minor physical anomalies, dermatoglyphic asymmetries, and Cortisol levels in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder.Am J Psychiatry.19991 5661762310200743
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZahnTP.JacobsenLK.GordonCT.McKennaK.FrzierJA.RapoportJL.Autonomic nervous system markers of psychopathology in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1997549049129337769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobsenLK.FrazierJA.MalhotraAK.et al.Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry.199715469748988961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrazierJA.GieddJN.HamburgerSD.et al.Brain anatomic magnetic resonance imaging in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1996536176248660128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobsenLK.GieddJN.VaituzisAC.et al.Temporal lobe morphology in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry.19961533553618610822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaghband-RadJ.HamburgerSD.GieddJ.FrazierJA.RapoportJL.Childhood-onset schizophrenia: biological markers in relation to clinical characteristics.Am J Psychiatry.199715464688988960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RapoportJL.GieddJ.JacobsenLK.et al.Childhood-onset schizophrenia: progressive ventricular enlargement during adolescence on MRI brain rescan.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1997548979039337768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobsenLK.GieddJN.CastellanosFX.et al.Progressive reduction of temporal lobe structures in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry.19981556786859585721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicolsonR.LenaneM.HamburgerSD.FernandezT.BedwellJ.RapoportJL.Lessons from childhood-onset schizophrenia.Brain Res Brain Res Rev.20003114715610719143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NopoulosPC.GieddJN.AndreasenNC.RapoportJL.Frequency and severity of enlarged cavum septi pellucidi in childhood-onset schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry.1998155107410799699696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RapoportJL.GieddJN.BlumenthalJ.et al.Progressive cortical changes during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study.Arch Gen Psychiatry.19995664965410401513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SowellER.LevittJ.ThompsonPM.et al.Brain abnormalities in earlyonset schizophrenia spectrum disorder observed with statistical parametric mapping of structural magnetic resonance images.Am J Psychiatry.20001571475148410964865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumraS.GieddJN.VaituzisAC.et al.Childhood-onset psychotic disorders: magnetic resonance imaging of volumetric differences in brain structure.Am J Psychiatry.20001571467147410964864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BertolinoA.KumraS.CallicottJH.et al.Common pattern of cortical pathology in childhood-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia as identified y proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.Am J Psychiatry.1998155137613839766769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThomasMA.KeY.LevittJ.et al.Preliminary study of frontal lobe 1H MR spectroscopy in childhood-onset schizophrenia.J Magn Reson imaging.199888418469702885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastilloM.KwockL.CourvoisieH.HooperSR.Proton MR spectroscopy in children with bipolar affective disorder: preliminary observations.Am J Neuroradiol.20002183283810815657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GilmoreJH.van ToiJ.KliewerMA.et al.Mild ventriculomegaly detected in utero with ultrasound: clinical associations and implications for schizorenia.Schizophr Res.1998331331409789905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GilmoreJH.PerkinsDO.KliewerMA.et al.Fetal brain development of twins assessed in utero by ultrasound: implications for schizophrenia.Schizophr Res.1996191411498789912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiddleM.WalkupJ.SubramaniumG.Efficacy of psychiatric medications in children and adolescents: a review of controlled studies.Psychiatr Clin North Am.19985269285
   Google Scholar
• PoolD.BloomW.MielkeDH.RonigarJJ.GallantDM.A controlled evaluation of loxitane in 75 adolescent schizophrenic patients.Curr Ther Res.19761999104812671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SpencerEK.KafantarisV.Padron-GayolMV.RosenbergCR.CampbellM.Haloperidol in schizophrenic children: early findings from a study in progress.Psychopharmacoi Bull.199228183186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumraS.FrazierJA.JacobsenLK.et al.Childhood-onset schizophrenia. A double-blind clozapine-haloperidol comparison.Arch Gen Psychiatry.199653109010978956674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuretzM.MozesT.TorenP.et al.An open trial of clozapine in neuroleptic-resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia.Br J Psychiatry.19971705075109330014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RemschmidtH.FleischhakerC.HennighausenK.SchulzE.Management of schizophrenia in children and adolescents. The role of clozapine.Paediatr Drugs.2000225326210946414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TorenP.LaorN.WeizmanA.Use of atypical neuroleptics in child and adolescent psychiatry.J Clin Psychiatry.1998596446569921698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArmenterosJL.WhitakerAH.WeliksonM.StedgeDJ.GormanJ.Risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: an open pilot study.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.199736694700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreevichSJ.FindlingRL.RowaneWA.FriedmanL.SchulzSC.Risperidone in the treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia: a retrospective study.J Child Adoiesc Psychopharmacol.19966251257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FindlingRL.McNamaraNK.BranickyLA.SchluchterMD.LemonE.BlumerJL.A double-blind pilot study of risperidone in the treatment of conduct disorder.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.200039509516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuitelaarJK.Open-label treatment with risperidone of 26 psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents with mixed diagnoses and aggressive behavior.J Child Adoiesc Psychopharmacol.2000101926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchreierHA.Risperidone for young children with mood disorders and aggressive behavior.J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.1998849599639079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SholevarEH.BaronDA.HardieTL.Treatment of childhood-onset schizophrenia with olanzapine.J Child Adoiesc Psychopharmacol.2000106978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrishnamoorthyJ.KingBH.Open-label treatment in five préadolescent children.J Child Adoiesc Psychopharmacol.19988107113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumraS.JacobsenLK.LenaneM.et al.Childhood-onset schizophrenia: an open-label study of olanzapine in adolescents.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.199837377385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrotheDR.CalisKA.JacobsenL.et al.Olanzapine pharmacokinetics in pediatric and adolescent inpatients with childhood-onset schizophrenia.J Clin Psychopharmacol.20002022022510770461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConvilleBJ.ArvanitisLA.ThyrumPT.et al.Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and clinical effectiveness of quetiapine fumarate: an open-label trial in adolescents with psychotic disorders.J Clin Psychiatry.20006125226010830145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalleeFR.KurlanR.GoetzCG.et al.Ziprasidone treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome: a pilot study.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.200039292299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WudarskyM.NicolsonR.HamburgerSD.et al.Elevated prolactin in pediatric patients on typical and atypical antipsychotics.J Child Adoiesc Psychopharmacol.19999239245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WelchR.ChueP.Antipsychotic agents and QT changes.J Psychiatry Neurosci.20002515416010740988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GellerB.CooperTB.SunK.et al.Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorder with secondary substance abuse dependency.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.199837171178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KowatchRA.SuppesT.CarmodyTJ.et al.Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.200039713720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrazierJA.MeyerMC.BiedermanJ.et al.Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.199938960965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChangKD.KetterTA.Mood stabilizer augmentation with olanzapine in acutely manic children.J Child Adoiesc Psychopharmacol.2000104549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SoutulloCA.SorterMT.FosterKD.McElroySL.KeckPE.Olanzapine treatment of adolescent acute mania: a report of seven cases.J Affect Disord.19995327928310404715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TohenM.SangerTM.McElroySL.et al.Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGEH Study Group.Am J Psychiatry.199915670270910327902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EmslieGJ.RushAJ.WeinbergWA.et al.A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression.Arch Gen Psychiatry.199754103110379366660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KellerMB.RyanND.StroberM.et al.Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depresion: a randomized, controlled trial.J Am Acad Child Adoiesc Psychiatry.200140762772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GellerB.CooperTB.FarookiZQ.ChestnutEC.Dose and plasma levels of nortriptyline and chlorpromazine in delusionally depressed adolescents and of nortriptyline in nondelusionally depressed adolescents.Am J Psychiatry.19851423363383970271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar