REFERENCES

• BernsteinDP.IscanC.MaserJ.Opinions of personality disorder experts regarding the DSM-IV personality disorders classification system .J Personal Disord.200721536551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.2000
   Google Scholar
• RegierDA.NarrowWE.KuhlEA.KupferDJ.The conceptual development of DSM-V.Am J Psychiatry.200916664565019487400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SkodolA.Diagnosis and DSM-5. Work in progress. In: Widiger TA, ed.The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.20121334
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Personality Disorders. Available at: http://www.dsm5.org/PROPOSEDREVISIONS/Pages/PersonalityandPersonality Disorders. aspx. Accessed May 2; 2012
   Google Scholar
• FrancesAJ.Dimensional diagnosis of personality - not whether, but when and which.Psychol Inq.19934110111
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.1994
   Google Scholar
• KupferDJ.FirstMB.RegierDE.Introduction. In: Kupfer DJ, First MB, Regier DE, eds.A Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.2002xvxxiii
   Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.TrullTJ.Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model.Am Psychol.200762718317324033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CloningerCR.A practical way to diagnose personality disorder: a proposal.J Personal Disord.20001498108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LivesleyWJ.A framework for integrating dimensional and categorical classification of personality disorder. JPersonal Disord.200721199224
   Google Scholar
• ClarkLA.Watson D. Temperament: an organizing paradigm for trait psychology. In: OP John, RW Robins, LA Pervin, eds.Handbook of Personality. Theory and Research. 3rd Ed. New York, NY: Guilford.2008265286
   Google Scholar
• TellegenA.WallerNG.Exploring personality through test construction: development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. In: Boyle GJ, Matthews G, Saklofske DH, eds.The Sage Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment. Los Angeles, CA: Sage2008261291
   Google Scholar
• PincusAL.The interpersonal nexus of personality disorders. In: Strack S, ed.Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology.New York, NY: Wiley2005120139
   Google Scholar
• MillonT.Disorders of Personality.Introducing a DSMIICD Spectrum from Normal to Abnormal 3rd Ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.2011
   Google Scholar
• FirstMB.BellCB.CuthbertB.et alPersonality disorders and relational disorders: a research agenda for addressing crucial gaps in DSM. In: Kupfer DJ, First MB, Regier DA, eds.A Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association2002123199
   Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.SimonsenE.Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: finding a common ground.J Personal Disord.200519110130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkLA.Manual for the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press1993
   Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.CostaPT.McCraeRR.A proposal for Axis II: diagnosing personality disorders using the five factor model. In: Costa PT, Widiger TA, eds.Personality Disorders and the Five Factor Model of Personality. 2nd Ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association2002431456
   Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.Mullins-SweattSN.Five-factor model of personality disorder: a proposal for DSM-V.Annu Rev Clin Psychol.20095115138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarkonKE.KruegerRF.WatsonD.Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: an integrative hierarchical approach.J Pers Soc Psychol.20058813915715631580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.The DSM-5 dimensional model of personality disorder: rationale and empirical support.J Personal Disord.201125222234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldbergLR.The structure of phenotypic personality traits.Am Psychol.1993 48262348427480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnOP.NaumannLP.SotoCJ.Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and conceptual issues. In: John OP, Robins RR, Pervin LA, eds.Handbook of Personality. Theory and Research. 3rd Ed. New York, NY: Guilford.2008114158
   Google Scholar
• CostaPT.McCraeRR.Domains and facets: hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.J Pers Assess.199564215016367732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CostaPT.McCraeRR.Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO Pl-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychol Assess Resources1992
   Google Scholar
• De RaadB.BareldsDPH.LevertE.et alOnly three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages: a comparison of 14 trait taxonomies.J Pers Soc Psychol.20109816017320053040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PincusAL.LukowitskyMR.WrightAGC. The interpersonal nexus of personality and psychopathologyIn: T Millon, RF Krueger, E Simonsen, eds.Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology: Scientific Foundations for the DSM-V and lCD-11. New York, NY: Guilford.2010523552
   Google Scholar
• LaheyBB.Public health significance of neuroticismAm Psychol.20096424125619449983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.Neuroticism. In: Leary MR, Hoyle RH, edsHandbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. New York, NY: Guilford.2009129146
   Google Scholar
• YamagataS.SuzukiA.AndoJ.et alIs the genetic structure of human personality universal? A cross-cultural twin study from North America, Europe, and Asia.J Pers Soc Psychol.20069098799816784347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeYoungCG.HirshJB.ShaneMS.PapademetrisX.RajeevanN.GrayJ.Testing predictions from personality neuroscience: brain structure and the Big FivePsychol Sci.20102182082820435951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaspiA.RobertsBW.ShinerRL.Personality development: stability and changeAnnu Rev Psychol.20055645348415709943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertsBW.DelVecchioWF.The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studiesPsychol Bull.200012632510668348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AllikJ.Personality dimensions across culturesJ Personal Disord.200519212232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OzerDJ.Benet-MartinezV.Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomesAnnu Rev Psychol.20065740142116318601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FunderDC.PersonalityAnnu Rev Psychol.20015219722111148304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.CostaPT.Personality and personality disordersJ Abnorm Psychol.199410378918040485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HareRD.NeumannCS.Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct.Annu Rev Clin Psychol.2008421724618370617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CleckleyH.The Mask of Sanity. St Louis, MO: CV. Mosby;1941
   Google Scholar
• LynamDR.WidigerTA.Using a general model of personality to identify the basic elements of psychopathyJ Personal Disord.200721160178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.Social anxiety, social phobia, and avoidant personality disorder. In: Corzier WR, Alden L, edsInternational Handbook of Social Anxiety. NY: Wiley.2001335356
   Google Scholar
• LoweJR.EdmundsonM.WidigerTA.Assessment of dependency, agreeableness, and their relationship.Psychol Assess.2009215435519947788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.PresnallJR.Pathological altruism and personality disorder. In: Oakley B, ed.Pathological Altruism. New York, NY: Springer.20128593
   Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.GoreWL.Maladaptive variants of conscientiousness and agreeableness.J Pers.2012801669169622321159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.WidigerTA.Conscientiousness and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.Personal Disord: Th Res Tr.20112161174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.A temperament model of borderline personality disorder. In: Zanarini M, edBorderline Personality Disorder. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.20056381
   Google Scholar
• TrullTJ.WidigerTA.Geology 102: more thoughts on a shift to a dimensional model of personality disorders.Soc Pers Comp.20082949967
   Google Scholar
• O'ConnorBP.A quantitative review of the comprehensiveness of the five-factor model in relation to popular personality inventoriesAssess.20029188203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.SimmsLJ.ClarkLA.LivesleyWJ.WidigerTA.An item response theory integration of normal and abnormal personality scales.Personal Disord: Th Res Tr.20101521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.CarrollKM.RounsavilleBJ.BallSA.Personality disorders as maladaptive, extreme variants of normal personality: Borderline personality disorder and neuroticism in a substance using sample.J Personal Disord. In press.
   Google Scholar
• SteppSD.YuL.MillerJD.HallquistMN.TrullTJ.PilkonisPA.Integrating competing dimensional models of personality: linking the SNAP, TCI, and NEO using item response theory.Personal Disord Th Res Tr.20123107126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DistelMA.TrullTJ.WillemsenG.et alThe five-factor model of personality and borderline personality disorder: A genetic analysis of comorbidity.Biol Psychiatry.2009661131113819748081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaulsmanLM.PageAC.The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: a meta-analytic review.Clin Psychol Rev.2004231055108514729423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.WidigerTA.A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: a facet level analysis.Clin Psychol Rev.2008281326134218708274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LivesleyWJ.Conceptual and taxonomic issues. In: Livesley WJ, ed.Handbook of Personality Disorders. Theory, Research, and Treatment. NY: Guilford.2001338
   Google Scholar
• ClarkLA.Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization.Annu Rev Psychol.200757277257
   Google Scholar
• SanislowCA.PineDS.QuinnKJ.et alDeveloping constructs for psychopathology research: research domain criteria.J Abnorrn Psychol.2010119631639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrullTJ.The five-factor model of personality disorder and DSM-5.J Personal.20128016971720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRaadB.PeruginiM.Big Five Assessment. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.2002
   Google Scholar
• TrullTJ.WidigerTA.BurrR.A structured interview for the assessment of the Five Factor Model of personality: facet level relations to the Axis II personality disorders.J Personal.200169175198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De ClercqB.De FruytF.Van LeeuwenK.MervieldeI.The structure of maladaptive personality traits in childhood: a step toward an integrative developmental perspective for DSM-V.J Abnorrn Psychol.2006115639657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins-SweattSN.JamersonJE.SamuelDB.OlsonDR.WidigerTA.Psychometric properties of an abbreviated instrument of the five-factor model.Assess.200613119137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerT.TrullT.CostaP.McCraeR.ClarkinJF.SandersonC.Description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the Five Factor Model of personality. In: Costa P, Widiger T, edsPersonality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. 2nd Ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.20028999
   Google Scholar
• EdmundsonM.LynamDR.MillerJD.GoreWL.WidigerTA.A five-factor measure of schizotypal personality traitsAssess.20111832134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LynamDR.GaughanET.MillerJD.MillerDJ.Mullins-SweattS.WidigerTA.Assessing the basic traits associated with psychopathy: development and validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment.Psychol Assess.20112310812421171784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins-SweattSN.EdmundsonM.Sauer-ZavalaSE.LynamDR.MillerJD.WidigerTA.Five-factor measure of borderline personality traits.J Pers Assess.20129447548722489634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PiedmontRL.ShermanMF.ShermanNC.et alUsing the five-factor model to identify a new personality disorder domain: the case for experiential permeability.J Pers Soc Psychol.20099612455819469599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimmsLJ.GoldbergLR.RobertsJE.WatsonD.WelteJ.RottermanJH.Computerized Adaptive Assessment of Personality Disorder: Introducing the CAT-PD Project 201J Pers Assess.20119338038922804677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerheulR.Clinical utility for dimensional models of personality pathologyJ Personal Disord.200519283302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins-SweattSN.LengelGJ.Clinical utility of the five-factor model of personality disorder.J Personal.20128016151639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShedlerJ.BeckA.FonagyP.et alPersonality disorders in DSM-5. AmiPsychiatry.201016710271028
   Google Scholar
• LynamDR.WidigerTA.Using the five factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach.J Abnorrn Psychol.2001110401412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrullTJ.WidigerTA.LynamDR.CostaPT.Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning.J Abnorrn Psychol.2003112193202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerJD.BagbyRM.PilkonisPA.ReynoldsSK.LynamDR.A simplified technique for scoring the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model.Assess.200512404415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KruegerRF.EatonNR.ClarkLA.et alDeriving an empirical structure of personality pathology for DSM-5.J Personal Disord.201125170191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoreWL.TomiattiM.WidigerTA.The home for histrionism.Personal Ment Health.201155772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FirstMB.Clinical utility: a prerequisite for the adoption of a dimensional approach in DSM.J Abnorrn Psychol.2005114560564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GundersonJG.Commentary on “Personality Traits and the Classification of Mental Disorders: Toward a More Complete Integration in DSM-5 and an Empirical Model of Psychopathology”.Personal Disord Th Res Treat.20101119122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SkodolAE.OldhamJM.BenderDS.et alDimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: Relationships to functional impairment.Am J Psychiatry.20051621919192516199839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.CostaPT.GoreWL.CregoC.Five factor model personality disorder research. In: Widiger TA, Costa PT, eds.Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. 3rd Ed. Washington DC: American Psychological Association201375100
   Google Scholar
• TrullTJ.DurrettCA.Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder.Annu Rev Clin Psychol.20051355380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SkodolA.Rationale for proposing five specific personality types. Available at: http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/Rationalefor ProposingFiveSpecificPersonalityDisorderTypes.aspx. Accessed February 10. 2010
   Google Scholar
• MoreyLC.GundersonJG.QuigleyBD.LyonsM.Dimensions and categories: the “Big Five” factors and the DSM personality disorders.Assess.20007203216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.BoydS.Personality disorders assessment instruments. In: Butcher JN, ed.Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2009336363
   Google Scholar
• O'ConnorBP.A search for consensus on the dimensional structure of personality disorders.J Clin Psychol.2005 6132334515468325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrullTJ.ScheidererEM.TornkoRL.Axis II comorbidity. In: Widiger TA, ed.Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press2012219236
   Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.WidigerTA.Comparing personality disorder models: Crossmethod assessment of the FFM and DSM-IV-TRJ Personal Disord.201024 721745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoreyLC.AlexanderGM.BoggsC.Gender and personality disorder. In: Oldham J, Skodol A, Bender D, eds.Textbook of Personality Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press2005541554
   Google Scholar
• CostaPT.TerraccianoA.McCraeRR.Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings.J Pers Soc Psychol.20018132233111519935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FeingoldA.Gender differences in personality: a meta-analysis.Psychol Bull.19941164294567809307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OltmannsTF.PowersAD.Gender and personality disorders. In: Widiger TA, ed.Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2012206219
   Google Scholar
• LynamDR.WidigerTA.Using a general model of personality to understand sex differences in the personality disorders.J Personal Disord.200721583602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamuelDB.WidigerTA.Comparative gender biases in models of personality disorder.Personal Ment Health.200931225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertsBW.WaltonKE.ViechtbauerW.Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Psychol Bull.200613212516435954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WidigerTA.CIC, CLPS, and MSAD.J Personal Disord.200519586593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WarnerMB.MoreyLC.FinchJF.et alThe longitudinal relationship of personality traits and disorders.J Abnorrn Psychol.2004113217227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoreyLC.HopwoodCJ.GundersonJG.et alComparison of alternative models for personality disorders.Psychol Med.20073798399417121690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association.Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.2001
   Google Scholar
• SmithGG.ZapolskiTCB.Construct validation of personality measures. In: Butcher JN, ed.Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press;20098198
   Google Scholar
• NiggJT.JohnOP.BlaskeyLJ.et alBig five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: links between personality traits and clinical symptoms.J Pers Soc Psychol.20028345146912150240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar