REFERENCES

• SlaterMSanchez-VivesMVEnhancing our lives with immersive virtual realityFront Robot AI2016374https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarlESteinATLevihn-CoonAet alVirtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Anxiety Disord201961273630287083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EichenbergCWoltersCEichenbergEVirtual realities in the treatment of mental disorders: a review of the current state of research Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and Pedagogical Applications2012 IntechOpen 3564
   Google Scholar
• FreemanDReeveSRobinsonAet alVirtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disordersPsychol Med201747142393240028325167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rus-CalafellMGaretyPSasonECraigTJValmaggiaLRVirtual reality in the assessment and treatment of psychosis: a systematic review of its utility, acceptability and effectivenessPsychol Med201848336239128735593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValmaggiaLRLatifLKemptonMJRus-CalafellMVirtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: a systematic review of recent evidencePsychiatry Res201623618919526795129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VelingWMoritzSvan der GaagMBrave new worlds—review and update on virtual reality assessment and treatment in psychosisSchizophr Bull20144061194119725193975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maples-KellerJLBunnellBEKimSJRothbaumBOThe use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disordersHarv Rev Psychiatry201725310311328475502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaerLBlaisMAHandbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health2010 New York, NY Humana Press
   Google Scholar
• MyersKWintersNCTen-year review of rating scales. I: overview of scale functioning, psychometric properties, and selectionJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry200241211412211837400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParsonsTDVirtual reality for enhanced ecological validity and experimental control in the clinical, affective and social neurosciencesFront Hum Neurosci2015966026696869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoriniAGriezEPetrovaARivaGAssessment of the emotional responses produced by exposure to real food, virtual food and photographs of food in patients affected by eating disordersAnn Gen Psychiatry201093020602749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeehanMInskoBWhittonMBrooksFP JrPhysiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environmentsACM Trans Graph2002213645652https://doi.org/10.1145/566570.566630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RivaGMantovaniFCapidevilleCSet alAffective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotionsCyber Psychol Behav20071014556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SlaterMPertaubDPSteedAPublic speaking in virtual reality: facing an audience of avatarsIEEE Comput Graph Appl199919269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CostanzoMELeamanSJovanovicTet alPsychophysiological response to virtual reality and subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in recently deployed militaryPsychosom Med201476967067725333498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiemerJAlpersGWPeperkornHMShibanYMühlbergerAThe impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual realityFront Psychol201562625688218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreemanDSlaterMBebbingtonPEet alCan virtual reality be used to investigate persecutory ideation?J Nerv Ment Dis2003191850951412972853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RichesSGaretyPRus-CalafellMet alUsing virtual reality to assess associations between paranoid ideation and components of social performance: a pilot validation studyCyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw2019221515930346808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeJHKuJKimKet alExperimental application of virtual reality for nicotine craving through cue exposureCyberpsychol Behav20036327528012855083
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KuntzeMFStoermerRMagerRRoesslerAMueller-SpahnFBullingerAHImmersive virtual environments in cue exposureCyberpsychol Behav20014449750111708729
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OwensMEBeidelDCCan virtual reality effectively elicit distress associated with social anxiety disorder?J Psychopathol Behav Assess2015372296305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiemerJLohkampNMühlbergerAZwanzgerPFear and physiological arousal during a virtual height challenge—effects in patients with acrophobia and healthy controlsJ Anxiety Disord201637303926600469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WechslerTFMühlbergerAKümpersFInferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? A systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia and social phobiaFront Psycol2019101758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornells-AmbrojoMElenbaasMBarkerCet alHypersensitivity to contingent behavior in paranoia: a new virtual reality paradigmJ Nerv Ment Dis2016204214815226825264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoenigSCrucianGDalrymple-AlfordJDünserAAssessing navigation in real and virtual environments: a validation studyInt J Disabil Hum Dev2011104325330
   Google Scholar
• RenisonBPonsfordJTestaRRichardsonBBrownfieldKThe ecological and construct validity of a newly developed measure of executive function: the virtual library taskJ Int Neuropsychol Soc201218344045022339816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoseFDAttreeEABrooksBMParslowDMPennPTraining in virtual environments: transfer to real world tasks and equivalence to real task trainingErgonomics200043449451110801083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReggenteNEssoeJKAghajanZMet alEnhancing the ecological validity of fMRI memory research using virtual realityFront Neurosci20181240829962932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuvrudJGredebäckGÅhsFet alThe immersive virtual reality lab: possibilities for remote experimental manipulations of autonomic activity on a large scaleFront Neurosci20181230529867318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VelingWPot-KolderRCounotteJvan OsJvan der GaagMEnvironmental social stress, paranoia and psychosis liability: a virtual reality studySchizophr Bull20164261363137127038469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValmaggiaLRFreemanDGreenCet alVirtual reality and paranoid ideations in people with an ‘at-risk mental state’ for psychosisBJPsych2007191S51s63s68
   Google Scholar
• FreemanDEvansNListerRAntleyADunnGSlaterMHeight, social comparison, and paranoia: an immersive virtual reality experimental studyPsychiatry Res2014218334835224924485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WieserMJPauliPGrosseiblMMolzowIMühlbergerAVirtual social interactions in social anxiety—the impact of sex, gaze, and interpersonal distanceCyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw201013554755420950179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PanXHamiltonAFCWhy and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: the challenges of exploring a new research landscapeBr J Psych20181093395417
   Google Scholar
• FreemanDGaretyPABebbingtonPet alThe psychology of persecutory ideation II: a virtual reality experimental studyJ Nerv Ment Dis2005193530931515870614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValmaggiaLRDayFRus-CalafellMUsing virtual reality to investigate psychological processes and mechanisms associated with the onset and maintenance of psychosis: a systematic reviewSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201651792193627262562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RizzoASDifedeJRothbaumBOet alDevelopment and early evaluation of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy system for combat-related PTSDAnn N Y Acad Sci20101208111412520955333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SturmeyPFunctional Analysis in Clinical Treatment2011 Elsevier
   Google Scholar
• GattiEMassariRSacchelliCRivaGVirtual reality protocol: an instrument to assess alcohol-dependent individualsAnnu Rev Cyberther Telemed20075563
   Google Scholar
• TorousJKiangMVLormeJOnnelaJPNew tools for new research in psychiatry: a scalable and customizable platform to empower data driven smartphone researchJMIR Ment Health201632e1627150677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-ZeevDBrianRWangRet alCrossCheck: integrating self-report, behavioral sensing, and smartphone use to identify digital indicators of psychotic relapsePsychiatr Rehabil J201740326627528368138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangKVarmaDSProsperiMA systematic review of the effectiveness of mobile apps for monitoring and management of mental health symptoms or disordersJ Psychiatr Res2018107737830347316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BellIHLimMHRossellSLThomasNEcological momentary assessment and intervention in the treatment of psychotic disorders: a systematic reviewPsychiatr Serv201768111172118128669284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TorousJStaplesPBarnettISandovalLRKeshavanMOnnelaJPCharacterizing the clinical relevance of digital phenotyping data quality with applications to a cohort with schizophreniaNPJ Digit Med201811531304300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrillenbergPLencerRHeideWEye movements and psychiatric diseaseCurr Opin Neurol2004171434715090876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MühlbergerASperberMWieserMJPauliPA virtual reality behavior avoidance test (VR-BAT) for the assessment of spider phobiaJ Cyber Ther Rehabil200812147158
   Google Scholar
• GaggioliACipressoPSerinoSet alA decision support system for real-time stress detection during virtual reality exposureStud Health Technol Inform201419611412024732491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PallaviciniFAlgeriDRepettoCGoriniARivaGBiofeedback virtual reality and mobile phones in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): a phase-2 controlled clinical trialJ Cyber Ther Rehabil20092315327
   Google Scholar
• FioravantiMBianchiVCintiMECognitive deficits in schizophrenia: an updated metanalysis of the scientific evidenceBMC Psychiatry20121216422715980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BellIHAlvarez-JimenezMDigital technology to enhance clinical care of early psychosisCurr Treat Options Psychiatry201963256270
   Google Scholar
• HodgeJBalaamMHastingsSMorrisseyKExploring the design of tailored virtual reality experiences for people with dementia Proceedings of CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems2018 Montreal, QC, Canada Association for Computing Machinery’s Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI) Paper 514 https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174088
   Google Scholar
• PollakYWeissPLRizzoAAet alThe utility of a continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality in measuring ADHD-related deficitsJ Dev Behav Pediatr20093012619194324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LombardMDittonTAt the heart of it all: the concept of presenceJ Comput Mediat Commun199732JCMC321https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x
   Google Scholar
• RetauxXPresence in the environment: theories, methodologies and applications to video gamesPsychNology J200313283309
   Google Scholar
• ChoiSHKuJHanKet alDeficits in eye gaze during negative social interactions in patients with schizophreniaJ Nerv Ment Dis20101981182983521048475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VelingWBrinkmanWPDorrestijnEVan Der GaagMVirtual reality experiments linking social environment and psychosis: a pilot studyCyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw201417319119523992475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SlaterMLottoBArnoldMMSánchez-VivesMVHow we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurementAnuario de Psicología200940193210
   Google Scholar
• MoriMMacDormanKFKagekiNThe uncanny valley [from the field]IEEE Robot Autom Mag201219298100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeterdingSDixonDKhaledRNackeLFrom game design elements to gamefulness: defining “gamification.” Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments2011 Tampere, Finland Association for Computing Machinery https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
   Google Scholar
• SorkinAWeinshallDModaiIPeledAImproving the accuracy of the diagnosis of schizophrenia by means of virtual realityAm J Psychiatry2006163351252016513875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuJChoWKimJJet alA virtual environment for investigating schizophrenic patients’ characteristics: assessment of cognitive and navigation abilityCyberpsychol Behav20036439740414511452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SpiekerEAAsturRSWestJTGriegoJARowlandLMSpatial memory deficits in a virtual reality eight-arm radial maze in schizophreniaSchizophr Res20121351-3848922154760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeguțAJurmaAMDavidDVirtual-reality-based attention assessment of ADHD: ClinicaVR: Classroom-CPT versus a traditional continuous performance testChild Neuropsychol201723669271227258210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreemanDStudying and treating schizophrenia using virtual reality: a new paradigmSchizophr Bull200834460561018375568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreemanDPughKVorontsovaNAntleyASlaterMTesting the continuum of delusional beliefs: an experimental study using virtual realityJ Abnorm Psychol20101191839220141245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StinsonKValmaggiaLAntleyASlaterMFreemanDCognitive triggers of auditory hallucinations: an experimental investigationJ Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry201041317918420207344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer-GarciaMGutierrez-MaldonadoJTreasureJVilalta-AbellaFCraving for food in virtual reality scenarios in non-clinical sample: analysis of its relationship with body mass index and eating disorder symptomsEur Eat Disord Rev201523537137826095041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DetezLGreenwoodLMSegraveRet alA psychophysiological and behavioural study of slot machine near-misses using immersive virtual realityJ Gambl Stud201935392994430684139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oculus Quest 2019 Oculus Available at:
   Google Scholar
• LindnerPMiloffAZetterlundEReuterskiöldLAnderssonGCarlbringPAttitudes toward and familiarity with virtual reality therapy among practicing cognitive behavior therapists: a cross-sectional survey study in the era of consumer VR platformsFront Psychol20191017630800086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CipressoPChicchi GiglioliIAAlcañiz RayaMRivaGThe past, present, and future of virtual and augmented reality research: a network and cluster analysis of the literatureFront Psychol20189208630459681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RivaGVirtual reality: an experiential tool for clinical psychologyBr J Guid Counc2009373337345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MohrDCLyonARLattieEGReddyMSchuellerSMAccelerating digital mental health research from early design and creation to successful implementation and sustainmentJ Med Internet Res2017195e15328490417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MohrDCRiperHSchuellerSMA solution-focused research approach to achieve an implementable revolution in digital mental healthJAMA Psychiatry201875211311429238805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorrisZSWoodingSGrantJThe answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational researchJ R Soc Med20111041251052022179294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LarsenMEHuckvaleKNicholasJet alUsing science to sell apps: evaluation of mental health app store quality claimsNPJ Digit Med201921831304366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FirthJTorousJNicholasJet alThe efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsWorld Psychiatry201716328729828941113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LindnerPMiloffAHamiltonWet alCreating state of the art, next-generation Virtual Reality exposure therapies for anxiety disorders using consumer hardware platforms: design considerations and future directionsCogn Behav Ther201746540442028270059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de BorstAWde GelderBIs it the real deal? Perception of virtual characters versus humans: an affective cognitive neuroscience perspectiveFront Psychol2015657626029133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’AlfonsoSPhillipsJValentineLGleesonJAlvarez-JimenezMModerated online social therapy: viewpoint on the ethics and design principles of a web-based therapy systemJMIR Ment Health2019612e1486631799937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TorousJRobertsLWThe ethical use of mobile health technology in clinical psychiatryJ Nerv Ment Dis201720514828005647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WykesTLipshitzJSchuellerSMTowards the design of ethical standards related to digital mental health and all its applicationsCurr Treat Options Psychiatry201963232242
   Google Scholar
• MadaryMMetzingerTKReal virtuality: a code of ethical conduct. Recommendations for good scientific practice and the consumers of VR-technologyFront Robot AI201633https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RizzoASchultheisMTBushSSDrexlerMLEthical issues for the use of virtual reality in the psychological sciences Studies on Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition, vol 4. Ethical Issues in Clinical Neuropsychology2002 Lisse, Netherlands Swets & Zeitlinger 243277
   Google Scholar