Notes
- Heale , Elizabeth . 2004 . “ ‘Travailing Abroad: The Poet as Adventurer’ ” . In Travels and Translation in the Sixteenth Century , Edited by: Pincombe , Mike . 3 – 18 . 4 Aldershot : Ashgate . Raphael Lyne also comments that Churchyard's ‘accounts of Martin Frobisher's voyage (15 78) and James Fizmaurice's death (15 79) are typical in their passion for English expansion’. ‘Churchyard, Thomas (1523?-1604)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5407> [accessed 9 May 2005], para. 10
- Sherman , William H. 2002 . “ ‘Stirrings and Searchings (1500–1720)’ ” . In The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing , Edited by: Hulme , Peter and Youngs , Tim . 17 – 36 . 25 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ‘A matter touching the Iourney of Sir Humfrey Gilbarte Knight’, in A discourse of the Queenes Maiesties entertainement in Suffolk and Norffolk…(London, 1578), sig. H2r-K3v. Cited in
- Mancall , Peter C. 2007 . Hakluyt's Promise: An Elizabethan Obsession for an English America , 47 – 50 . New Haven : Yale University Press . Thomas Churchyard, A prayse, and reporte of Maister Martyne Forboishers voyage to Meta Incognita…(London, 1578). See further, for a discussion of Churchyard's text. I would like to thank Stephan Schmuck for directing me toward this material
- This aspect of Churchyard's work is explored further in my forthcoming book-length study entitled ‘Travel, Transformation and Identity in the Works of Thomas Churchyard’.
- Churchyard , Thomas . 1578 . “ ‘Hir Highnesse returne from Norvvich’ ” . In A discourse of the Queenes Maiesties entertainement in Suffolk and Norffolk with a description of many things then presently seene… London sig. G4v-H1r
- 1580 . “ ‘Of wandryng and gaddyng abroad’ ” . In A pleasaunte laborinth called Churchyardes chance London sig. K2v-K3r
- Churchyard , Thomas . 1579 . Agenerall rehearsall of warres, called Churchyardes choise London sig. *2r-P4v. All other references to this text will be given parenthetically
- Churchyard , Thomas . “ ‘A Pirates Tragedie’ ” . In A generall rehearsall of warres sig. Bb4r-Dd1v. All other references to this text will be given parenthetically
- Hadfield , Andrew . 1998 . Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing in the English Renaissance , 4 Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- Mitsi , Evi . 2005 . ‘“Nowhere is a Place”: Travel Writing in Sixteenth-Century England’ . Literature Compass , 2 : 1 – 13 . 2 doi: 10.1111/j.1741–4113.2005.00135.x
- Kinney , Arthur F. 2004 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In Travels and Translation in the Sixteenth Century , Edited by: Pincombe , Mike . xiii – xvii . xiii Aldershot : Ashgate .
- Churchyard , Thomas . 1575 . “ ‘A tragicall discourse of the vnhappy mans life’ ” . In The firste parte of Churchyardes chippes… London sig. H3v). This quotation was brought to my attention in J. R. Hale, War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450–1621 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. 140.
- Gascoigne , George . (1534/5–1577) was the son of Sir John Gascoigne who ‘owned part of the barony of Bedford’. G. W. Pigman III, ‘Gascoigne, George (1534/5?-1577)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004<http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10421> [accessed 29 June 2007] para 3. Barnaby Rich ‘attained gentle status through the title of a captain’ (Willy Maley, ‘Rich, Barnaby (1542–1617)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23481> [accessed 27 June 2007] para. 4. Barnabe Googe (1540–1594) ‘was appointed one of the queen's gentlemen pensioners. His career on the fringes of court was defined by his kinship (probably through common family in Herefordshire) with Sir William Cecil, later Lord Burghley’. Raphael Lyne, ‘Googe, Barnabe (1540–1594)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11004>[accessed 29 June 2007] para. 3.
- Lyne . ‘Churchyard, Thomas’ para. 1
- Lyne . ‘Churchyard, Thomas’ para. 2
- Lee , John . 2003 . “ ‘The English Renaissance Essay: Churchyard, Cornwallis, Florio's Montaigne and Bacon’ ” . In A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture , Edited by: Hattaway , Michael . 600 – 8 . 601 Oxford : Blackwell . Lyne, Churchyard, Thomas, para. 2. See also
- 1593 . ‘The honor of the souldier’ London John Lee states that Churchyard's later text, ‘tries to come to terms with his bewilderment before the facts of soldiering, which are also the facts of his life’. John Lee, ‘The English Renaissance Essay’, pp. 601–2
- Hale , J. R. 1985 . War and Society in Renaissance Europe 1450–1620 , 140 Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Hale . War and Society 145
- Sherman , William H. ‘Stirrings and searchings’ 22 I was alerted to this text in
- Palmer , Thomas . 1606 . An essay of the meanes hovv to make our trauailes, intoforraine countries, the more profitable and honourable London sig. B3v
- Hadfield . Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing 40
- 4 Andrew Hadfield observes that Palmer's Essay is a ‘defence of the useful nature of travel as a means of training citizens to serve the state’. Hadfield, Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing
- Palmer . An essay…, prefatory table
- Churchyard , Thomas . 1596 . “ ‘A Commendation…’ ” . In Apleasant discourse of court and wars with a replication to them both, and a commendation of all those that truly serue prince and countrie. Written by Thomas Churchyard, and called his Cherrishin London sig. C3v
- Schutte , William M. 1984 . ‘Thomas Churchyard's “Dollfull Discourse” and the Death of Lady Katherine Grey’ . The Sixteenth-Century Journal , XV ( 4 ) : 471 – 84 . 471 doi: 10.2307/2540362
- Heale . ‘Travailing abroad’ 3
- Schutte . ‘Thomas Churchyard's “Dollfull Discourse” and the Death of Lady Katherine Grey’ 471
- Nashe , Thomas . 1958 . “ The Unfortunate Traveller [1584] ” . In The Works of Thomas Nashe , Edited by: McKerrow , Ronald B. Volume II , 187 – 328 . 209 Oxford : Blackwell . line 5
- 1989 . “ Lorna Hutson adroitly argues that Nashe's text ‘reveals the moral hypocrisy and aesthetic impoverishment of narratives thus obliged to sacrifice everything and everyone in the interests of credit and profit’ ” . In Thomas Nashe in Context , 217 Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- Sheperd , Alan . 2000 . Marlowe's Soldiers: Rhetorics of Masculinity in the Age of the Armada , 8 Aldershot : Ashgate .
- Grafton , Richard . 1569 . A chronicle at large and meere history of the affayres of Englande and kinges of the same London sig. 2v
- Jowitt , Claire . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In Pirates? The Politics of Plunder, 1550–1650 , Edited by: Jowitt , Claire . 3 – 19 . 14 Basingstoke : Palgrave .
- Hale , J. R. War and Society 142 discusses Malby's progress as being ‘against the general bias to promote commoners’
- Lyne . ‘Churchyard, Thomas’ para. 10
- Louis , B. 1931 . Wright suggests that Churchyard ‘developed a taste for “tragedy” when contributing to the Mirror for Magistrates’. ‘Elizabethan Middle-Class Taste for History’ . The Journal of Modern History , Vol. 3 ( 2 ) : 175 – 97 . 187 (n. 25), doi: 10.1086/235721
- Brigden , Susan . 2000 . New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603 , 264 London : Penguin .
- Shepard . Marlowe's Soldiers 4
- Brigden . New Worlds, Lost Worlds 270
- Ascham , Roger . 1904 . The Scholemaster (1570) , Edited by: Wright , William Aldis . 228 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . As Andrew Hadfield records, ‘Ascham compared Italy to the island of Circe’. Hadfield, Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing p. 18
- I am indebted to Elizabeth Heale's argument concerning the relationship between home and abroad in her essay ‘Travailing abroad’, and her critical observations on Churchyard's ‘Verses to Gilbert’. Whereas Heale focuses on the gendering of the dynamic, however, I am interested in bringing the economic discourses to the foreground
- Matar , Nabil . 1999 . Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery , 45 New York : Columbia University Press .
- Fumerton , Patricia . 2006 . Unsettled: The Culture of Mobility and the Working Poor in Early Modern England , 84 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Beier , A. L. 1985 . Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England: 1560–1640 , 94 London : Methuen .
- More , Thomas . 1551 . Afruteful, and pleasaunt worke of the beste state of apublyque weale, and of the newe yle called Vtopia: written in Latine by Syr Thomas More knyght, and translated into Englyshe by Raphe Robynson… London sig. C4r
- Hale . War and Society 122
- Beier . Masterless Men 92
- Shepard . Marlowe's Soldiers 115
- Shepard . Marlowe's Soldiers 114
- Lee . ‘The English Renaissance Essay’ 602
- Heale , Elizabeth . 2002 . Autobiography and Authorship in Renaissance Verse: Chronicles of the Self , 70 Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
- Churchyard repeated the poem's provenance in ‘The Honor of a Souldier’, in Churchyards Challenge (London, 1593), sig. M2r) which was dedicated to George Carew (1555–1629), the younger Peter Carew's brother
- Wagner , John . 1998 . The Devon Gentlemen: A Life of Sir Peter Carew , 360 Hull : University of Hull Press .
- Wagner . The Devon Gentlemen 263
- Wagner . The Devon Gentlemen 265
- Jowitt , Claire . 2003 . “ ‘Rebel or hero? Treason, masculinity and the Queen in late sixteenth-century drama’ ” . In Voyage, Drama and Gender Politics, 1589–1642 , 61 – 103 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . For a stimulating discussion of dramatic representations of Stukeley and their challenge to Elizabethan orthodox identities
- Wagner . The Devon Gentlemen 265
- Wagner . The Devon Gentlemen 265 – 6 .
- Wagner . The Devon Gentlemen 266 – 70 .
- Heale . Autobiography and Authorship 69
- Hale . War and Society 88
- Harman , Thomas . 1573 . A caueat o[r] warening, for…common cursetor[s] vulgarely called…vagabones London See further Patricia Fumerton, Unsettled pp. 33–46
- Harman . A caueat sig. B1v
- Harman . A caueat sig. B1v
- Churchyard , Thomas . 1560 . “ ‘Davy Dycars Dreame’ ” . In The contention betwyxte Churchyeard and Camell, vpon Dauid Dycers dreame London sig. A1r-A1v
- Churchyard , Thomas . 1575 . “ ‘A Dollfull Discours of Two Straungers, A Lady and Knight’ ” . In The firste parte of Churchyardes chippes… London sig. D3r-E6r
- King , John N. 2003 . “ ‘Traditions of Complaint and Satire’ ” . In A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture , Edited by: Hattaway , Michael . 367 – 7 . 371 Oxford : Blackwell .
- Lyne . ‘Churchyard, Thomas’ 10 paras. 1
- Jowitt , Claire . 2006 . “ ‘Scaffold Performances: The Politics of Pirate Execution’ ” . In Pirates? The Politics of Plunder 1550–1650 , Edited by: Jowitt , Claire . 151 – 68 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . For a critical consideration of the dialogism of scaffold speeches see
- Porter , Martin . 2005 . Windows of the Soul: Physiognomy in European Culture 1470–1780 , 43 Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- Hill , Thomas . 1556 . A brief and most pleasau[n]t epitomye of the whole art of phisiognomie… London sig. D3r
- Hill . A brief and most pleasau[n]t epitomye of the whole art of phisiognomie… sig. D5r
- Kamen , Harry . 2003 . Spain's Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power 1492–1763 , 419 London : Penguin .
- I would like to thank Claire Jowitt for this observation
- Greene , Thomas M. 1968 . “ ‘The Flexibility of the Self in Renaissance Literature’ ” . In The Disciplines of Criticism: Essays in Literary Theory, Interpretation, and History , Edited by: Demetz , Peter , Greene , Thomas and Nelson , Lowry . 241 – 64 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Churchyard . A prayse, and reporte of Maister Martyne Forboishers voyage 50 sig. A5r-v, C4v. Mancall discusses the latter part of this quotation in Hakluyt's Promise
- Jowitt . ‘Rebel or hero?’ 65 For a related discussion of piracy and ‘rampant individualism’
- 71 In a brief discussion of these lines, Elizabeth Heale states that ‘To some extent…the effect is one of restlessness, of a man who cannot settle’. Heale, Autobiography and Authorship