Characterizing Microbial Exposure With Ergosterol, 3-Hydroxy Fatty Acids, and Viable Microbes in House Dust: Determinants and Association With Childhood Asthma

References

• Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Bonini S, et al. Dampness in buildings as a risk factor for health effects, EUROEXPO: a multidisciplinary review of the literature (1998-2000) on dampness and mite exposure in buildings and health effects. Indoor Air. 2004;14:243-257.
   Google Scholar
• Gent JF, Ren P, Belanger K, et al. Levels of household mold associated with respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for asthma. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:A781-A786.
   Google Scholar
• Belanger K, Beckett W, Triche E, et al. Symptoms of wheeze and persistent cough in the first year of life: Associations with indoor allergens, air contaminants, and maternal history of asthma. Am J Epidemiology. 2003;158:195-202.
   Google Scholar
• Dharmage S, Bailey M, Raven J, et al. Current indoor allergen levels of fungi and cats, but not house dust mites, influence allergy and asthma in adults with high dust mite exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:65-71.
   Google Scholar
• Pekkanen J, Hyvärinen A, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, et al. Moisture damage and risk of childhood asthma—a prospective populationbased case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:1-7.
   Google Scholar
• Dales RE, Miller D, McMullen E. Indoor air quality and health: validity and determinants of reported home dampness and moulds. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:120-125.
   Google Scholar
• von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrländer C, Schierl R, et al. Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1230-1234.
   Google Scholar
• Dharmage S, Bailey M, Raven J, et al. Prevalence and residential determinants of fungi within homes in Melbourne, Australia. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:1481-1489.
   Google Scholar
• Park J-H, Spiegelman DL, Gold DR, et al. Predictors of airborne endotoxin in the home. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109:859-864.
   Google Scholar
• Gehring U, Bischof W, Borte M, et al. Levels and predictors of endotoxin in mattress dust samples from East and West German homes. Indoor Air. 2004;14:284-292.
   Google Scholar
• Bischof W, Koch A, Gehring U, et al. Predictors of high endotoxin concentrations in the settled dust of German homes. Indoor Air. 2002;12:2-9.
   Google Scholar
• Waser M, Schierl R, von Mutius E, et al. Determinants of endotoxin levels in living environments of farmers' children and their peers from rural areas. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:389-397.
   Google Scholar
• Nevalainen A, Partanen P, Jääskeläinen E, et al. Prevalence of moisture problems in Finnish houses. Indoor Air. 1998;4:45-49.
   Google Scholar
• Sebastian A, Larsson L. Characterization of the microbial community in indoor environments: a chemical-analytical approach. Applied Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:3103-3109.
   Google Scholar
• Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC, et al. Introduction to Foodborne Fungi, 5th ed. Baarn, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; 1996: 322.
   Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 15th ed. Washington, DC; American Public Health Association; 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Wood SN. Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models. J Am Stat Assoc. 2004;99: 673-686.
   Google Scholar
• Wood S. Thin-plate regression splines. J Royal Stat Soc B. 2003;65:95-114.
   Google Scholar
• Huttunen K, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A, et al. Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111: 85-92.
   Google Scholar
• Hirvonen M-R, Huttunen K, Roponen M. Bacterial strains from moldy buildings are highly potent inducers of inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. Indoor Air. 2005;15:65-70.
   Google Scholar
• Strachan DP, Flannigan B, McCabe EM, et al. Quantification of airborne moulds in the homes of children with and without wheeze. Thorax. 1990;35,382-387.
   Google Scholar
• Li C-S, Hsu LY, Chou CC, et al. Fungus allergens inside and outside the residences of atopic and control children. Arch Environ Health. 1995;50:38-43.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett MH, Rayment PR, Hooper MA, et al. Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness, and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children. Clin Exp Allerg. 1998;28:459-467.
   Google Scholar
• Douwes J, Zuidhof A, Doekes G, et al. (1 -> 3)-beta-D-glucan and endotoxin in house dust and peak flow variability in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1348-1354.
   Google Scholar
• Ross MA, Curtis L, Scheff PA, et al. Association of asthma symptoms and severity with indoor bioaerosols. Allergy. 2000;55:705-711.
   Google Scholar
• Dharmage S, Bailey M, Raven J, et al. Mouldy houses influence symptoms of asthma among atopic individuals. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:714-720.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob B, Ritz B, Gehring U, et al. Indoor exposure to molds and allergic sensitization. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:647-653.
   Google Scholar
• Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med. 2002;347: 869-877.
   Google Scholar
• Park J-H, Gold DR, Spiegelman DL, et al. House dust endotoxin and wheeze in the first year of life. Am J Respir CritCare Med. 2001;163: 322-328.
   Google Scholar
• Douwes J, Pearce N, Heederik D. Does environmental endotoxin exposure prevent asthma? Thorax. 2002;57:86-90
   Google Scholar
• Giovannangelo M. Exposures to Biocontaminants Found in House Dust and Their Determinants in Schoolchildren in Three European Countries. The Air Allerg Study [PhD thesis]. Utrecht, The Netherlands: University of Utrecht; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Hyvärinen A, Roponen M, Tiittanen P, et al. Dust sampling methods for endotoxin: an essential, but underestimated issue. Indoor Air. 2006;16:20-27.
   Google Scholar
• Saraf A, Larsson L, Burge H, et al. Quantification of ergosterol and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in settled house dust by gas chromatography mass spectrometry: Comparison with fungal culture and determination of endotoxin by a Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:2554-2559.
   Google Scholar
• Gereda JE, Klinnert MD, Price MR, et al. Metropolitan home living conditions associated with indoor endotoxin levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107: 790-796.
   Google Scholar
• Foto M, Vrijmoed LLP, Miller JD, et al. A comparison of airborne ergosterol, glucan and Air-O-Cell data in relation to physical assessments of mold damage and some other parameters. Indoor Air. 2005;15:257-266.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson A, Kihlstrom E, Lagesson V, et al. Microorganisms and volatile organic compounds in airborne dust from damp residences. Indoor Air. 2004;14:74-82.
   Google Scholar
• Nevalainen A. Bacterial Aerosols in Indoor Air [PhD thesis]. Kuopio, Finland: Publications of the National Public Health Institute A3, Kuopio University Printing Office; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Reponen R, Nevalainen A, Raunemaa T. Bioaerosol and particle mass levels and ventilation in Finnish homes. Environ Int. 1989;15:203-208.
   Google Scholar
• Fox A, Harley W, Feigley C, et al. Increased levels of bacterial markers and CO2 in occupied school rooms. J Environ Monit. 2003;5: 246-252.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens K, Douwes J, Siebers R, et al. Determinants of endotoxin levels in carpets in New Zealand homes. Indoor Air. 2003;13:128-135.
   Google Scholar
• Meklin T, Hyvarinen A, Toivola M, et al. Effect of building frame and moisture damage on microbiological indoor air quality in school buildings. AIHA J. 2003;64:108-116.
   Google Scholar
• Kotimaa MH, Husman KH, Terho EO, et al. Airborne molds and actinomycetes in the work environment of farmer's lung patients in Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1984;10:115-119.
   Google Scholar
• Pasanen A-L, Kalliokoski P, Pasanen P, et al. Fungi carried from farmers' work into farm homes. AIHA J. 1989;50:631-633.
   Google Scholar
• Dharmage S, Bailey M, Raven J, et al. A reliable and valid home visit report for studies of asthma in young adults. Indoor Air. 1999;9: 188-192.
   Google Scholar
• Matheson MC, Dharmage SC, Forbes AB, et al. Residential characteristics predict changes in Der p 1, Fel d 1 and ergosterol but not fungi over time. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1281-1288.
   Google Scholar
• Wickman M, Gravesen S, Nordvall SL, et al. Indoor viable dust-bound microfungi in relation to residential characteristics, living habits, and symptoms in atopic and control children. J Allerg Clin Immunol. 1992;89:752-759.
   Google Scholar
• Koch A, Heilemann K-J, Bischof W, et al. Indoor viable mold spores: a comparison between two cities, Erfurt (eastern Germany) and Hamburg (western Germany). Allergy. 2000;55:176-180.
   Google Scholar
• Su HJ, Wu PC, Chen HL, et al. Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in southern Taiwan. Environ Res. 2001;85:135-144.
   Google Scholar
• Wady L, Shehabi A, Szponar B, et al. Heterogeneity in microbial exposure in schools in Sweden, Poland and Jordan revealed by analysis of chemical markers. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2004;14:293-299.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoeff AP, van Wijnen JH, van Reenen Hoekstra ES, et al. Fungal propagules in house dust. II. Relation with residential characteristics and respiratory symptoms. Allergy. 1994;49:540-547.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson L, Szponar B, Pehrson C. Tobacco smoking increases dramatically air concentrations of endotoxin. Indoor Air. 2004;14:421-424.
   Google Scholar