Pathologic Spectrum and Lung Dust Burden in Giant Cell Interstitial Pneumonia (Hard Metal Disease/Cobalt Pneumonitis): Review of 100 Cases

References

• Figueroa S, Gerstenhaber B, Welch L, Klimstra D, Smith GJ, Beckett W. Hard metal interstitial pulmonary disease associated with a form of welding in a metal parts coating plant. Am J Ind Med. 1992;21: 363-373.
   Google Scholar
• Chiappino G. Hard metal disease: clinical aspects. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:65-68.
   Google Scholar
• Coates E. O., Jr, Watson JH. Diffuse interstitial lung disease in tungsten carbide workers. Ann Intern Med. 1971;75:709-716.
   Google Scholar
• Baudouin J, Jobard P, Moline J, Lavandier M, Roullier A, Homasson JP. Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis: responsibility of hard metals [in French]. Nouv Presse Med. 1975;4:1353-1355.
   Google Scholar
• Demedts M, Gyselen A. The cobalt lung in diamond cutters: a new disease. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 1989;51:559-581.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton EI. The geobiochemistry of cobalt. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:7-39.
   Google Scholar
• Chiappino G. Hard metal disease. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:65-68.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk WS. Mineral Facts and Problems. Washington DC: United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Lauwerys R, Lison D. Health risks associated with cobalt exposure: an overview. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:1-6.
   Google Scholar
• Nordberg G. Assessment of risks in occupational cobalt exposures. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:201-207.
   Google Scholar
• Choi JW, Lee KS, Chung MP, Han J, Chung MJ, Park JS. Giant cell interstitial pneumonia: high-resolution CT and pathologic findings in four adult patients. Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:268-272.
   Google Scholar
• Kakugawa T, Mukae H, Nagata T, et al. Giant cell interstitial pneumonia in a 15-year-old boy. Intern Med. 2002;41:1007-1012.
   Google Scholar
• Lee SM, Moon CH, Oh YB, et al. Giant-cell interstitial pneumonia in a gas station worker. J Korean Med Sci. 1998;13:545-547.
   Google Scholar
• Schepers GW. The biological action of particulate cobalt metal: studies on experimental pulmonary histopathology. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955;12:127-133.
   Google Scholar
• Wehner AP, Busch RH, Olson RJ, Craig DK. Chronic inhalation of cobalt oxide and cigarette smoke by hamsters. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1977;38:338-346.
   Google Scholar
• Schepers GW. The biological action of cobaltic oxide: studies on experimental pulmonary histopathology. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955;12:124-126.
   Google Scholar
• Schepers GW. The biological action of tungsten carbide and carbon: studies on experimental pulmonary histopathology. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955;12:137-139.
   Google Scholar
• Schepers GW. The biological action of particulate tungsten metal: studies on experimental pulmonary histopathology. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955;12:134-136.
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura H, Yoshimura Y, Tozawa T, Koshi K. Effects of cemented tungsten carbide dust on rat lungs following intratracheal injection of saline suspension. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1980;30:241-253.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplun ZS, Mezencheva NV. Experimental study on the toxic effect of dust in production of sintered metals. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1960;4:390-399.
   Google Scholar
• Lasfargues G, Lardot C, Delos M, Lauwerys R, Lison D. The delayed lung responses to single and repeated intratracheal administration of pure cobalt and hard metal powder in the rat. Environ Res. 1995;69:108-121.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson A, Curstedt T, Robertson B, Camner P. Lung morphology and phospholipids after experimental inhalation of soluble cadmium, copper, and cobalt. Environ Res. 1984;34:295-309.
   Google Scholar
• Bech AO, Kipling MD, Heather JC. Hard metal disease. Br J Ind Med. 1962;19:239-252.
   Google Scholar
• Harding HE. Notes on the toxicology of cobalt metal. Br J Ind Med. 1950;7:76-78.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer H. Pathology of the Lung. New York: Pergamon Press; 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Satterfield JR Jr, McLaughlin JS. Open lung biopsy in diagnosing pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1979;28:359-362.
   Google Scholar
• Toledo-Pereyra LH, DeMeester TR, Kinealey A, MacMahon H, Churg A, Golomb H. The benefits of open lung biopsy in patients with previous non-diagnostic transbronchial lung biopsy. A guide to appropriate therapy. Chest. 1980;77:647-650.
   Google Scholar
• Liebow A. New Concepts and Entities in Pulmonary Disease in the Lung. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1968:332.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein AL, Myers JL. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and the other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: classification and diagnostic criteria. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:1-3.
   Google Scholar
• Carrington CB, Gaensler EA. Clinico-pathologic approach to diffuse infiltrative lung disease. In: Thurlbeck WM, Abell MR, eds. The Lung: Structure, Function and Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1978:58-87.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JL, Hertzberg MA. Inorganic particulates associated with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Chest. 1981;80S:67-70.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy PA, Gorelick DF, Christianson CS. Giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP). Chest. 1970;58:319-325.
   Google Scholar
• Sevin IF., ed. Criteria for Controlling Exposure to Cobalt. Atlanta, GA DHHS; 1981:105.
   Google Scholar
• Sjogren I, Hillerdal G, Andersson A, Zetterstrom O. Hard metal lung disease: importance of cobalt in coolants. Thorax. 1980;35: 653-659.
   Google Scholar
• Davison AG, Haslam PL, Corrin B, et al. Interstitial lung disease and asthma in hard metal workers: bronchoalveolar lavage, ultrastructural, and analytical findings and results of bronchial provocation tests. Thorax. 1983;38:119-128.
   Google Scholar
• Demedts M, Gheysens B, Nagels J, et al. Cobalt lung in diamond polishers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:130-135.
   Google Scholar
• Sprince NL, Chamberlin RI, Hales CA, Weber AL, Kazemi H. Respiratory disease in tungsten carbide production workers. Chest. 1984;86:549-557.
   Google Scholar
• Fischbein A, Abraham JL, Horowitz SF, et al. Hard metal disease: a multidisciplinary evaluation of two cases. N Y State J Med. 1986;86:600-603.
   Google Scholar
• Anttila S, Sutinen S, Paananen M, et al. Hard metal lung disease: a clinical, histological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical study. Eur J Respir Dis. 1986;69:83-94.
   Google Scholar
• Rochat T, Kaelin RM, Batawi A, Junod AF. Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in a hard metal coating worker undergoing hemodialysis. Eur J Respir Dis. 1987;71:46-51.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JL, Spragg RG. Documentation of environmental exposure using open biopsy, transbronchial biopsy and bronchopulmonary lavage in giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;197:119.
   Google Scholar
• Cugell DW, Morgan WK, Perkins DG, Rubin A. The respiratory effects of cobalt. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:177-183.
   Google Scholar
• Ohori NP, Sciurba FC, Owens GR, Hodgson MJ, Yousem SA. Giantcell interstitial pneumonia and hard metal pneumoconiosis. A clinicopathologic study of four cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13:581-587.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Eeckhout AV, Verbeken E, Demedts M. Pulmonary pathology due to cobalt and hard metals. Rev Mal Respir. 1989;6:201-207.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham J. Lung pathology in 22 cases of giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP) suggests GIP is pathognomonic of cobalt (hard metal) disease. Chest. 1987;91:312.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham J. The spectrum of pulmonary pathologic reaction and lung dust burden in 30 cases of cobalt pneumonitis (hard metal disease; giant cell interstitial pneumonia). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:A248.
   Google Scholar
• Nemery B. Metal toxicity and the respiratory tract. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:202-219.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan LG. A study into the health and mortality of men exposed to cobalt and oxides. J Soc Occup Med. 1983;33:181-186.
   Google Scholar
• Auchincloss JH, Abraham JL, Gilbert R, et al. Health hazard of poorly regulated exposure during manufacture of cemented tungsten carbides and cobalt. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49:832-836.
   Google Scholar
• Sahle W. Possible role of tungsten oxide whiskers in hard metal pneumoconiosis. Chest. 1992;102:1310.
   Google Scholar
• Leghissa P, Ferrari MT, Piazzolla S, Caironi M, Parigi PC, Lebbolo E. Cobalt exposure evaluation in dental prostheses production. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:253-257.
   Google Scholar
• Migliori M, Mosconi G, Michetti G, et al. Hard metal disease: eight workers with interstitial lung fibrosis due to cobalt exposure. Sci Total Environ. 1994,150:187-196.
   Google Scholar
• Mosconi G, Bacis M, Leghissa P, et al. Occupational exposure to metallic cobalt in the Province of Bergamo: results of a 1991 survey. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:121-128.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz Y, Kivity S, Fischbein A, et al. Evaluation of workers exposed to dust containing hard metals and aluminum oxide. Am J Ind Med. 1998;34:177-182.
   Google Scholar
• Pisati G, Zedda S. Outcome of occupational asthma due to cobalt hypersensitivity. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:167-171.
   Google Scholar
• Mosconi G, Zanelli R, Migliori M, et al. Study of lung reactions in six asymptomatic workers occupationally exposed to hard metal dusts. Med Lav. 1991;82:131-136.
   Google Scholar
• Sprince NL, Oliver L, Chamberlin R, Eisen E, Greene R. Etiology and pathogenesis of hard metal disease. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:55.
   Google Scholar
• Potolicchio I, Festucci A, Hausler P, Sorrentino R. HLA-DP molecules bind cobalt: a possible explanation for the genetic association with hard metal disease. Eur J Immunol. 1999;29:2140-2147.
   Google Scholar
• Maier L, Martyny J, Mroz M, et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors in beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease. Chest. 2002;121:81S.
   Google Scholar
• Sabbioni E, Minoia C, Pietra R, Mosconi G, Forni A, Scansetti G. Metal determinations in biological specimens of diseased and nondiseased hard metal workers. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:41-54.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaou G, Pietra R, Sabbioni E, Mosconi G, Cassina G, Seghizzi P:. Multielement determination of metals in biological specimens of hard metal workers: a study carried out by neutron activation analysis. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1987;1:73-77.
   Google Scholar
• Forni A. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of hard metal disease. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:69-76.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JL, Hunt A, Burnett BR. Quantification of non-fibrous and fibrous particulates in human lungs: twenty year update on pneumoconiosis database. Ann Occup Hyg. 2002;46:397-401.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JL, Burnett BR. Quantitative analysis of inorganic particulate burden in situ in tissue sections. Scan Electron Microsc. 1983;2:681-696.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JL, Burnett BR, Hunt A. Development and use of a pneumoconiosis database of human pulmonary inorganic particulate burden in over 400 lungs. Scanning Microsc. 1991;5:95-104 [discussion, 105-108].
   Google Scholar
• Ratto D, Balmes J, Boylen T, Sharma OP. Pregnancy in a woman with severe pulmonary fibrosis secondary to hard metal disease. Chest. 1988;93:663-665.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan LG, Adams DB. An investigation into the nickel content of post mortem specimens of lung tissue. In: Brown SS, Sunderman WF Jr, eds. Nickel Toxicity. New York: Academic Press; 1980:159-170.
   Google Scholar
• Arima K, Ando M, Ito K, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on prevalence of summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by Trichosporon cutaneum. Arch Environ Health. 1992;47:274-278.
   Google Scholar
• McSharry C, Banham SW, Boyd G. Effect of cigarette smoking on the antibody response to inhaled antigens and the prevalence of extrinsic allergic alveolitis among pigeon breeders. Clin Allergy. 1985;15:487-494.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas JG, Middleton WG, Gaddie J, et al. Sarcoidosis: a disorder commoner in non-smokers? Thorax. 1986;41:787-791.
   Google Scholar
• Rizzato G, Fraioli P, Sabbioni E, Pietra R, Barberis M. The differential diagnosis of hard metal lung disease. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:77-83.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JL, Hunt A. Environmental contamination by cobalt in the vicinity of a cemented tungsten carbide tool grinding plant. Environ Res. 1995;69:67-74.
   Google Scholar
• Verhamme E. Contribution to the evaluation of the toxicity of cobalt. Cobalt. 1973;2:29-32.
   Google Scholar
• Lasfargues G, Lison D, Maldague P, Lauwerys R. Comparative study of the acute lung toxicity of pure cobalt powder and cobalt-tungsten carbide mixture in rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992;112:41-50.
   Google Scholar
• Rengasamy A, Kommineni C, Jones JA, Fedan JS. Effects of hard metal on nitric oxide pathways and airway reactivity to methacholine in rat lungs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999;157:178-191.
   Google Scholar
• Nemery B, Verbeken EK, Demedts M. Giant cell interstitial pneumonia (hard metal lung disease, cobalt lung). Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22:435-448.
   Google Scholar
• Posgay M, Nemeth L, Mester A. Radiological aspects of hard metal disease. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1993;159:439-443.
   Google Scholar
• Shirakawa T, Kusaka Y, Fujimura N, Goto S, Morimoto K. The existence of specific antibodies to cobalt in hard metal asthma. Clin Allergy. 1988;18:451-460.
   Google Scholar
• Fischbein A, Luo JC, Solomon SJ, Horowitz S, Hailoo W, Miller A. Clinical findings among hard metal workers. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49:17-24.
   Google Scholar
• Collins J, Hartman MJ, Warner TF, et al. Frequency and CT findings of recurrent disease after lung transplantation. Radiology. 2001;219:503-509.
   Google Scholar
• Habib SB, Congleton J, Carr D, et al. Recurrence of recipient Langerhans' cell histiocytosis following bilateral lung transplantation. Thorax. 1998;53:323-325.
   Google Scholar
• Sulica R, Teirstein A, Padilla ML. Lung transplantation in interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001;7:314-322.
   Google Scholar
• Frost AE, Keller CA, Brown RW, et al. Giant cell interstitial pneumonitis: disease recurrence in the transplanted lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1401-1404.
   Google Scholar
• Barberis M, Harari S, Tironi A, Lampertico P. Recurrence of primary disease in a single lung transplant recipient. Transplant Proc. 1992;24:2660-2662.
   Google Scholar
• Frost AE, Keller CA, Noon GP, Short HD, Cagle PT. Outcome of the native lung after single lung transplant. Multiorgan Transplant Group. Chest. 1995;107:981-984.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes WR. Occupational Lung Disorders. London, England: Butterworth & Co; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman AP, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM. Fishman's Manual of Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson A, Robertson B, Camner P. Nodular accumulation of type II cells and inflammatory lesions caused by inhalation of low cobalt concentrations. Environ Res. 1987;43:227-243.
   Google Scholar
• Edel J, Pozzi G, Sabbioni E, Pietra R, Devos S. Metabolic and toxicological studies on cobalt. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:233-244.
   Google Scholar
• Lison D, Lauwerys R, Demedts M, Nemery B. Experimental research into the pathogenesis of cobalt/hard metal lung disease. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1024-1028.
   Google Scholar
• Nemery B, Lewis CP, Demedts M. Cobalt and possible oxidant-mediated toxicity. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:57-64.
   Google Scholar
• Kusaka Y, Iki M, Kumagai S, Goto S. Decreased ventilatory function in hard metal workers. Occup Environ Med. 1996;53:194-199.
   Google Scholar
• Verougstraete V, Mallants A, Buchet JP, Swennen B, Lison D. Lung function changes in workers exposed to cobalt compounds: a 13-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:162-166.
   Google Scholar
• Potolicchio I, Mosconi G, Forni A, Nemery B, Seghizzi P, Sorrentino R. Susceptibility to hard metal lung disease is strongly associated with the presence of glutamate 69 in HLA-DP beta chain. Eur J Immunol. 1997;27:2741-2743.
   Google Scholar
• Balmes JR. Respiratory effects of hard metal dust exposure. Occup Med. 1987;2:327-344.
   Google Scholar
• Saldana MJ., ed. Pathology of Pulmonary Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1994:415-416.
   Google Scholar
• Final Rule on Air Contaminants Project. Extracted from 54FR2332 et. seq. Washington, DC: US Circuit Court of Appeals; 1989:11.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen JM, Poulsen OM. A 1982-1992 surveillance programme on Danish pottery painters: biological levels and health effects following exposure to soluble or insoluble cobalt compounds in cobalt blue dyes. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:95-104.
   Google Scholar
• Suardi R, Belotti L, Ferrari MT, et al. Health survey of workers occupationally exposed to cobalt. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:197-200.
   Google Scholar
• Rivolta G, Nicoli E, Ferretti G, Tomasini M. Hard metal lung disorders: analysis of a group of exposed workers. Sci Total Environ. 1994;150:161-165.
   Google Scholar