Impact of the Hormonal Milieu on the Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence and Withdrawal

References

• Adams, M. L., Nock, B., Truong, R., &Cicero, T. J. (1992). Nitric oxide control of steroidogenesis: Endocrine effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine and comparisons to alcohol. Life Sciences, 50, PL35-40.
   Google Scholar
• Adinoff, B., Junghanns, K., Keifer, F., &Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2005). Suppression of the HPA axis-stress response: Implications for relapse. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 1351-1357.
   Google Scholar
• Adinoff, B., Risher-Flowers, D., De Jong, J., Ravitz, B., Bone, G. H., Nutt, D. J., et al. (1991). Disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning during ethanol withdrawal in six men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1023-1025.
   Google Scholar
• Akinci, M. A., &Johnston, G. A. R. (1993). Sex differences in the effects of acute swim stress on binding to GABAA receptors in mouse brain. Journal of Neurochemistry, 60, 2212-2216.
   Google Scholar
• Alele, P., &Devaud, L. L. (2005). Sex differences in seizure risks during ethanol withdrawal in male and female rats: Effects of pregnanolone or estradiol [Abstract]. Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Meeting. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, submitted, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. A. Jr., Quigg, J. M., Oswald, C., &Zaneveld, L. J. (1985). Demonstration of a functional blood-testis barrier to acetaldehyde. Evidence for lack of acetaldehyde effect on ethanol-induced depression of testosterone in vivo. Biochemical Pharmacology, 34, 685-695.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley, M. J., Olin, J. S., LeRiche, W. H., Kornaczewski, A., Schmidt, W., &Rankin, J. G. (1977). Morbidity in alcoholics: Evidence for accelerated development of physical disease in women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 137, 883-887.
   Google Scholar
• Ballenger, J. C., &Post, R. M. (1978). Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1-14.
   Google Scholar
• Belelli, D., Bolger, M. B., &Gee, K. W. (1989). Anticonvulsant profile of the progesterone metabolite 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one. European Journal of Pharmacology, 166, 325-329.
   Google Scholar
• Belz, E. E., Kennell, J. S., Czambel, R. K., Rubin, R. T., &Rhodes, M. E. (2003). Environmental enrichment lowers stress-responsive hormones in singly housed male and female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry &Behavior, 76, 481-486.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, R. J., McKittrick, C. R., &Blanchard, D. C. (2001). Animal models of social stress: Effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems. Physiology &Behavior, 73, 261-271.
   Google Scholar
• Blednov, Y. A., Jung, S., Alva, H., Wallace, B., Rosahl, T., Whiting, P. J., et al. (2003). Deletion of the α1 or β2 subunit of GABAA receptors reduces actions of alcohol and other drugs. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 304, 30-36.
   Google Scholar
• Born, J., Ditschuneit, I., Schreiber, M., Dodt, C., &Fehm, H. L. (1995). Effects of age and gender on pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness in humans. European Journal of Endocrinology, 132, 705-711.
   Google Scholar
• Brathen, G., Brodtkorb, E., Helde, G., &Bovim, G. (1999). The diversity of seizures related to alcohol use. A study of consecutive patients. European Journal of Neurology, 6, 697-703.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M. E., Anton, R. F., Malcom, R., &Ballenger, J. C. (1988). Alcohol detoxification and withdrawal seizures: Clinical support for a kindling hypothesis. Biological Psychiatry, 23, 507-514.
   Google Scholar
• Cagetti, E., Pinna, G., Guidotti, A., Baicy, K., &Olsen, R. W. (2004). Chronic intermittent alcohol (CIE) administration in rats decreases levels of neurosteroids in hippocampus, accompanied by altered behavioral responses to neurosteroids and memory function. Neuropharmacology, 46, 570-579.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, L. J., Harris, R. A., &Crews, F. T. (1998). Alcohol tolerance and synaptic plasticity. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 491-495.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, M. E., Sweetnam, P. M., Fitzgerald, L. W., Terwilliger, R. Z., Nestler, E. J., &Duman, R. S. (1997). Chronic alcohol administration regulates the expression of GABAA receptor alpha1 and alpha5 subunits in the ventral tegmental area and hippocampus. Journal of Neurochemistry, 68, 121-127.
   Google Scholar
• Chiao, Y. B., &Van Thiel, D. H. (1983). Biochemical mechanisms that contribute to alcohol-induced hypogonadism in the male. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research, 7, 131-134.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero, T. J. (1982). Alcohol-induced deficits in the hypothalamic-pituitary-luteinizing hormone axis in the male. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 6, 207-215.
   Google Scholar
• Crews, F. T., Morrow, A. L., Criswell, H., &Breese, G. (1996). Effects of alcohol on ion channels. International Review of Neurobiology, 39, 283-367.
   Google Scholar
• Crippens, D., White, M. L., George, M. A., Jaworski, J. N., Brunner, L. J., Lancaster, F. E., et al. (1999). Gender differences in blood levels, but not brain levels, of alcohol in rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 414-420.
   Google Scholar
• De Courten-Myers, G. M. (1999). The human cerebral cortex: Gender differences in structure and function. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 58, 217-226.
   Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, A., Rosenbloom, M. J., Sassoon, S., O'Reilly, A., Pfefferbaum, A., &Sullivan, E. V. (2003). Alcoholic men endorse more DMS-IV withdrawal symptoms than alcoholic women matched in drinking history. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 375-379.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., &Alele, P. E. (2004). Development of and recovery from alcohol dependence: Sex differences in effects on GABAA and NMDA receptor subunit proteins. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 957-965.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., &Alele, P. E. (2006). Modulation of alcohol dependence and withdrawal by the hormonal milieu. International Behavioral and Neural Genetics Society Annual meeting abstract.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Alele, P., &Chadda, R. (2003). Sex differences in the central nervous system actions of alcohol. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 15, 41-59.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Bartoo, G., &Malthankar, G. (2002). Altered responses to dizocilpine maleate administration in alcohol-withdrawn male and female rats. Alcohol, 28, 83-93.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., &Chadda, R. (2001). Sex differences in rats in the development of and recovery from alcohol dependence assessed by changes in seizure susceptibility. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1689-1696.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Fritschy, J. M., &Morrow, A. L. (1998). Influence of gender on chronic alcohol-induced alternations of GABAA receptors in rats. Brain Research, 796, 222-230.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Fritschy, J. M., Sieghart, W., &Morrow, A. L. (1997). Bidirectional alterations of GABAA receptor subunit peptide levels in rat cortex during chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal. Journal of Neurochemistry, 69, 126-130.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Matthews, D. B., &Morrow, A. L. (1999). Gender impacts the effects of alcohol dependence. Pharmacology, Biochemistry &Behavior, 64, 841-847.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., &Morrow, A. L. (1999). Gender-selective effects of alcohol dependence on NMDA receptor subunit expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. European Journal of Pharmacology, 369, 331-334.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Purdy, T. H., Finn, D. A., &Morrow, A. L. (1996). Sensitization of gammaaminobutyric acidA receptors to neuroactive steroids in rats during alcohol withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 278, 510-517.
   Google Scholar
• Devaud, L. L., Smith, F. D., Grayson, D., &Morrow, A. L. (1995). Chronic alcohol consumption differentially alters the expression of γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunit mRNAs in rat cerebral cortex: Competitive, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Molecular Pharmacology, 48, 861-868.
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich, R. A., Dunwiddie, T. V., Harris, R. A., &Erwin, V. (1989). Mechanisms of action of alcohol: Initial central nervous system actions. Pharmacological Reviews, 41, 489-537.
   Google Scholar
• Dobson, H., Ghuman, S., Prabhakar, S., &Smith, R. (2003). A conceptual model of the influence of stress on female reproduction. Reproduction, 125, 151-63.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenman, L. N., He, Y., Fields, C., Zorumski, C. F., &Mennerick, S. (2003). Activation-dependent properties of pregnenolone sulfate inhibition of GABAA receptor-mediated current. Journal of Physiology, 550, 679-691.
   Google Scholar
• Emanuele, N. V., Lapaglia, N., &Emanuele, M. A. (2001). Impact of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on prolactin in both male and female rats. Endocrine, 16, 29-37.
   Google Scholar
• Faingold, C. L., N'Guoemo, P., &Raiz, A. (1998). Alcohol and neurotransmitter interactions: From molecular to integrative effects. Progress in Neurobiology, 55, 509-535.
   Google Scholar
• Faraday, M. M. (2002). Rat sex and strain differences in responses to stress. Physiology &Behavior, 75, 507-522.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Solari, J., Scorticati, C., Mohn, C., De Laurentis, A., Billi, S., Franchi, A., et al. (2004). Alcohol inhibits luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by activating the endocannabinoid system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 3264-3268.
   Google Scholar
• Figueiredo, H. F., Dolgas, C. M., &Herman, J. P. (2002). Stress activation of cortex and hippocampus is modulated by sex and stage of estrus. Endocrinology, 143, 2534-2540.
   Google Scholar
• Finn, D. A., Gallaher, E. J., &Crabbe J. C. (2000). Differential change in neuroactive steroid sensitivity during alcohol withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 292, 394-405.
   Google Scholar
• Finn, D. A., Roberts, A. J., &Crabbe, J. C. (1995). Neuroactive steroid sensitivity in withdrawal seizure-prone and -resistant mice. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 410-415.
   Google Scholar
• Follesa, P., &Ticku, M. K. (1995). Chronic alcohol treatment differentially regulates NMDA receptor subunit mRNA expression in rat brain. Molecular Brain Research, 29, 99-106.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, D. B., &Pal, N. (1971). Alcohol dependence produced in mice by inhalation of alcohol: Grading the withdrawal reaction. Science, 172, 288-290.
   Google Scholar
• Gordis, E. (1995). Alcohol and tolerance. NIAAA Alcohol Alert, 28, 1-4.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, K. A. &Lovinger, D. M. (1995). Cellular and behavioral neurobiology of alcohol: Receptor-mediated neuronal processes. Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 155-64.
   Google Scholar
• Grobin, A. C., Matthews, D. B., Devaud, L. L., &Morrow, A. L. (1998). The role of GABAA receptors in the acute and chronic effects of alcohol. Psychopharmacology, 139, 2-19.
   Google Scholar
• Guillamon, A., &Segovia, S. (1996). Sexual dimorphism in the CNS and the role of steroids. In T. Stone (Ed.). CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Neuroactive Steroids (pp. 127-152). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haage, D., Backstrom, T., &Johansson, S. (2005). Interaction between allopregnanolone and pregnenolone sulfate in modulating GABA-mediated synaptic currents in neurons from the rat medial preoptic nucleus. Brain Research, 1033, 58-67.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, C. G., Smith, N. A., &Kril, J. J. (1990). The effects of alcohol on the female brain: A neuropathological study. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 25, 445-448.
   Google Scholar
• Hijazi, R. A., &Cunningham, G. R. (2005). Andropause: Is androgen replacement therapy indicated for the aging male? Annual Reviews in Medicine, 56, 117-137.
   Google Scholar
• Hommer, D., Momenan, R., &Rawlings, R. (1996). Decreased corpus callosum size among alcoholic women. Archives in Neurology, 53, 359-363.
   Google Scholar
• Ishizuka, B., Kuribayashi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Hamada, N., Abe, Y., Amemiya, A., et al. (2000). Stress responses during laparoscopy with CO2 insufflation and with mechanical elevation of the abdominal wall. Journal of the American Association of Gynecology and Laparoscopy, 7, 363-371.
   Google Scholar
• Janis, G. C., Devaud, L. L., Mitsuyama, H., &Morrow, A. L. (1998). Effects of chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal on the neuroactive steroid 3 α-hydroxy-5 α-pregnan-20-one in male and female rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 2055-2061.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, M. E., Gatch, M. B., &Simpkins, J. W. (2005). Estrogen neuroprotection against the neurotoxic effects of alcohol withdrawal: Potential mechanisms. Experimental Biology Medicine, 230, 8-22.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, M. E., Wallis, C. J., Gatch, M. B., &Lal, H. (1999). Sex differences in the pentylenetetrazol-like stimulus induced by alcohol withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 291, 576-582.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, M. E., Yang, S. H., Brun-Zinkernagel, A. M., &Simpkins, J. W. (2002). Estradiol protects against cerebellar damage and motor deficit in alcohol-withdrawn rats. Alcohol, 26, 83-93.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. J., Shim, M. S., Kim, M. K., Lee, Y., Shin, Y. G., Cheng, C. H., et al. (2003). Effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on bone mineral density in males without liver cirrhosis. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 18, 174-180.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, L. C., &Corwin, E. J. (2002). Seeing the unexpected: How sex differences in stress responses may provide a new perspective on the manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4, 441-448.
   Google Scholar
• Kralic, J. E., Korpi, E. R., O'Buckley, T. K., Homanics, G. E., &Morrow, A. L. (2002). Molecular and pharmacological characterization GABAA receptor a1 knockout mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 302, 1037-1045.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., Fleming, R. L., &Morrow, A. L. (2004). Ethanol regulation of g-aminobutyric acidA receptors: Genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Pharmacology &Therapeutics, 101, 211-226.
   Google Scholar
• Laviola, G., Adriani, W., Morley-Fletcher, S., &Terranova, M. L. (2002). Peculiar response of adolescent mice to acute and chronic stress and amphetamine: Evidence of sex differences. Behavioral Brain Research, 130, 117-125.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Schmidt, D., Tilders, F. J. H., &Rivier, C. (2001). Effect of repeated exposure to alcohol on the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the rat: Role of changes in hypothalamic neuronal activity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 98-105.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Selvage, D., Hanson, K., &Rivier, C. (2004). Site of action of acute alcohol administration in stimulating the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Comparison between the effect of systemic and intracerebroventricular injection of this drug on pituitary and hypothalamic responses. Endocrinology, 145, 4470-4479.
   Google Scholar
• Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Acton, P. D., Gacinovic, S., Boddington, S. J. A., Costa, D. C., Pilowsky, L. S., et al. (2000). Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine receptors in abstinent, alcohol-dependent women: Preliminary findings from an 123I-iomazenil single photon emission tomography study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 1449-1455.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Lewohl, J. M., Dodd, P. R., Randall, P. K., Harris, R. A., &Mayfield, R. D. (2004). Gene expression profiling of individual cases reveals consistent transcriptional changes in alcoholic human brain. Journal of Neurochemistry, 90, 1050-1058.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Lewohl, J. M., Harris, R. A., Iyer, V. R., Dodd, P. R., Randall, P. K., et al. (2005). Patterns of gene expression in the frontal cortex discriminate alcoholic from nonalcoholic individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1574-1582.
   Google Scholar
• Lunga, P., &Herbert, J. (2004). 7Beta-oestradiol modulates glucocorticoid, neural and behavioural adaptations to repeated restraint stress in female rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 16, 776-785.
   Google Scholar
• Madeira, M. D., Sousa, N., &Paula-Barbosa, M. M. (1991). Sexual dimorphism in the mossy fiber synapses of the rat hippocampus. Experimental Brain Research, 87, 537-545.
   Google Scholar
• Maggi, A., Ciana, P., Belcredito, S., &Vegito, E. (2004). Estrogens in the nervous system: Mechanisms and non-reproductive functions. Annual Review of Physiology, 66, 291-313.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoudi, M., Kang, M. H., Tillakaratne, N., Tobin, A. G., &Olsen, R. W. (1997). Chronic intermittent alcohol treatment in rats increases GABAA receptor alpha4 subunit expression: Possible relevance to alcohol dependence. Journal of Neurochemistry, 68, 2485-2492.
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, A. (2000). Sexual differentiation of the brain. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, D. B., Devaud, L. L., &Morrow, A. L. (1998). Differential regulation of GABAA receptor gene expression by alcohol in the rat hippocampus vs. cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry, 70, 1160-1166.
   Google Scholar
• Mendelson, J. H., &Mello, N. K. (1989). Alcohol effects on luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-stimulated anterior pituitary and gonadal hormones in women. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 250, 902-909.
   Google Scholar
• Mhatre, M. C., Pen, G., Sieghart, W., &Ticku, M. K. (1993). Antibodies specific for GABAA receptor alpha subunits reveal that chronic alcohol treatment down-regulates alpha-subunit expression in rat brain regions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 61, 1620-1625.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, M. Y., &Sherlock, S. (1977). Sex related differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease. British Journal of Medicine, 1, 939-941.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, A. L., VanDoren, M. J., Penland, S. N., &Matthews, D. B. (2001). The role of GABAergic neuroactive steroids in alcohol action, tolerance and dependence. Brain Research Reviews, 37, 98-109.
   Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, K. M., Lee, S., &Rivier, C. (1998). Divergence in the expression of molecular markers of neuronal activation in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus evoked by alcohol administration via different routes. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 4344-4352.
   Google Scholar
• Palanza, P., Gioiosa, L., &Parmiagini, S. (2001). Social stress in mice: Gender differences and effects of estrous cycle and social dominance. Physiology &Behavior, 73, 411-420.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, S. M., &Purdy, R. H. (1992). Neuroactive steroids. FASEB Journal, 6, 2311-2322.
   Google Scholar
• Pericic, D., &Bujas, M. (1997). Sex differences in bicuculline-induced convulsions: Interaction with stress and ligands of benzodiazepine binding sites. Brain Research, 752, 279-284.
   Google Scholar
• Pericic, D., Bujas, M., Mirkovic, K., &Jazvinscak, C. (1999). Effects of adrenalectomy and gonadectomy on sex and stress-induced differences in bicuculline-induced convulsions. Experimental Brain Research, 129, 451-456.
   Google Scholar
• Petrie, J., Sapp, D. W., Tyndale, R. F., Park, M. K., Fanselow, M., &Olsen, R. W. (2001). Altered GABAA receptor subunit and splice variant expression in rats treated with chronic intermittent alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 819-828.
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, A., Rosenbloom, M., Deshmukh, A., &Sullivan, E. (2001). Sex differences in the effects of alcohol on brain structure. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 188-197.
   Google Scholar
• Pohorecky, L. A. (1981). The interaction of alcohol and stress: A review. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 5, 209-229.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, D. D. (2003). Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 5 Diurnal effects on plasma thyroid hormone levels. Endocrine, 22, 329-334.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, D. S., &Kulkarni, S. K. (1998). Proconvulsant effects of neurosteroids pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 345, 55-59.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, D. S., &Rogawski, M. A. (2002). Stress-induced deoxycorticosterone-derived neurosteroids modulate GABAA receptor function and seizure susceptibility. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 3795-3805.
   Google Scholar
• Reisert, I., Lieb, K., Beyer, C., &Pilgrim, C. (1996). Sex differentiation of rat hippocampal GABAergic neurons. European Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 1718-1724.
   Google Scholar
• Rettori, V., &McCann, S. M. (1998). Role of nitric oxide and alcohol on gonadotropin release in vitro and in vivo. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 185-193.
   Google Scholar
• Rewal, M., Jung, M. E., Wen, Y., Brun-Zinkernagel, A. M., &Simpkins, J. W. (2003). Role of the GABAA system in behavioral, motoric and cerebellar protection by estrogen during alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol, 31, 49-61.
   Google Scholar
• Rivier, C. (1993). Female rats release more corticosterone than males in response to alcohol: Influence of circulating sex steroids and possible consequences for blood alcohol levels. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 854-859.
   Google Scholar
• Rivier, C. (1999). Gender, sex steroids, corticotropin-releasing factor, nitric oxide, and the HPA response to stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry &Behavior, 64, 739-751.
   Google Scholar
• Rivier, C., Bruhn, T., &Vale, W. (1984). Effect of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in the rat: Role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 229, 127-131.
   Google Scholar
• Rivier, C., &Lee, S. (2001). Effect of repeated exposure to alcohol on the response of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the rat: II role of the length and regimen of alcohol treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 106-111.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, D. L., Brunner, L. J., &Gonzales, R. A. (2002). Effect of gender and estrous cycle on the pharmacokinetics of alcohol in the rat brain. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 165-172.
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph, U., Crestani, F., &Mohler, H. (2001). GABAA receptor subtypes: Dissecting their pharmacological functions. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 22, 188-194.
   Google Scholar
• Schenker, S. (1997). Medical consequences of alcohol abuse: Is gender a factor? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 179-181.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, E. M., &Kalant, H. (1976). Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 757-762.
   Google Scholar
• Selvage, D. J., Lee, S. Y., Parsons, L. H., Seo, D. O., &Rivier, C. L. (2004). A hypothalamic-testicular neural pathway is influenced by brain catecholamines, but not testicular blood flow. Endocrinology, 145, 1750-1759.
   Google Scholar
• Selvage, D. J., &Rivier, C. (2003). Importance of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus as a component of a neural pathway between the brain and the testes that modulates testosterone secretion independently of the pituitary. Endocrinology, 144, 594-598.
   Google Scholar
• Shors, T. J., Chua, C., &Falduto, J. (2001). Sex differences and opposite effects of stress on dendritic spine density in the male versus female hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 6292-6297.
   Google Scholar
• Shors, T. J., &Leuner, B. (2003). Estrogen-mediated effects on depression and memory formation in females. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 85-96.
   Google Scholar
• Sieghart, W. (1995). Structure and pharmacology of g-aminobutyric acidA receptor subtypes. Pharmacological Reviews, 47, 181-234.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. S. (1989). Estrogen administration increases neuronal responses to excitatory amino acids as a long-term effect. Brain Research, 503, 354-357.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. S., Gong, Q. H., Hsu, F. C., Markowitz, R. S., French-Mullen, J. M., &Li, X. (1998). GABA(A) receptor alpha4 subunit suppression prevents withdrawal properties of an endogenous steroid. Nature, 392, 926-930.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. S., &Woolley, C. S. (2004). Cellular and molecular effects of steroid hormones on CNS excitability. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 71(2), S4-10.
   Google Scholar
• Snell, L. D., Nunley, K. R., Lickteig, R. L., Browning, M. D., Tabakoff, B., &Hoffman, P. L. (1996). Regional and subunit specific changes in NMDA receptor mRNA and immunoreactivity in mouse brain following chronic ethanol ingestion. Molecular Brain Research, 40, 71-78.
   Google Scholar
• Spanagel, R. (2000). Recent animal models of alcoholism. Alcohol Research &Health, 24, 124-131.
   Google Scholar
• Stroud, L., Salovey, P., &Epel, E. (2002). Sex differences in stress responses: Social rejection versus achievement stress. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 318-327.
   Google Scholar
• Swaab, D. F., Chung, W. C. J., Kruijver, F. P. M, Hofman, M. A., &Ishunina, T. A. (2001). Structural and functional sex differences in the human hypothalamus. Hormones &Behavior, 40, 93-98.
   Google Scholar
• Tabakoff., B., &Hoffman, P. (2000). Animal models in alcohol research. Alcohol Research &Health, 24, 77-84.
   Google Scholar
• Tabakoff, B., Jaffe R. C., &Ritzmann, R. F. (1978). Corticosterone concentrations in mice during alcohol drinking and withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacy &Pharmacology, 30, 371-374.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Grunewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A., &Updegraff, J. A. (2001). Behavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Reviews, 107, 411-429.
   Google Scholar
• Tomaszewska, D., &Przekop, F. (1999). Catecholaminergic activity in the medial preoptic area and nucleus infundibularis-median eminence of anestrous ewes in normal physiological state and under stress condition. Journal of Neural Transmission, 106, 1031-1043.
   Google Scholar
• Trevisan, L., Fitzgerald, L. W., Brose, N., Gasic, G. P., Heinemann, S. F., Duman, R. S., et al. (1994). Chronic ingestion of ethanol up-regulates NMDAR1 receptor subunit immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus. Journal of Neurochemistry, 62, 1635-1638.
   Google Scholar
• Troisi, A. (2001). Gender differences in vulnerability to social stress: A Darwinian perspective. Physiology &Behavior, 73, 443-449.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). 10th special report to Congress. Bethesda, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Urbano-Marquez, A., Estruch, R., Fernandez-Sola, J., Nicholas, J. M., Pare, J. C., &Rubin, E. (1995). The greater risk of alcoholic cardoiomyopathy and myopathy in women compared with men. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 149-154.
   Google Scholar
• Van Cauter, E., Leproult, R., &Kupfer, D. J. (1996). Effects of gender and age on levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &Metabolism, 81, 2468-2473.
   Google Scholar
• VanDoren, M. J., Matthews, D. B., Janis, G. C., Grobin, A. C., Devaud, L. L., &Morrow, A. L. (2000). Neuroactive steroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregan-20-one modulates electrophysiological and behavioral actions of alcohol. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 1982-1989.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. A., &Biscardi, R. (1994). Sex differences in GABA/benzodiazepine receptor changes and corticosterone release after acute stress in rats. Experimental Brain Research, 101, 297-306.
   Google Scholar
• Wizeman, T., &Pardue, M. L. (2001). Exploring the biological contributions to human health. Does sex matter? Washington, DC: Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. J., &Cook, C. J. (2004). Stress-induced modification of anxiety in rats is dependent on reproductive status. Physiology &Behavior, 80, 569-575.
   Google Scholar