602
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Moderator and Mediator Effects of Scuba Diving Specialization on Marine-Based Environmental Knowledge-Behavior Contingency

, &
Pages 53-67 | Published online: 07 Aug 2010

References

  • Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychology research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
  • Bricker, K. (1998). Place and preference: A study of whitewater recreationists on the South Fork of the American River. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
  • Bricker, K., & Kerstetter, D. (2000). Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists. Leisure Sciences, 22, 233-257.
  • Bryan, H. (1977). Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 9, 174-187.
  • Bryan, H. (1979). Conflict in the great outdoors. Birmingham, AL: Birmingham Publishing.
  • Brylske, A. (2002). Setting the record straight: The truth about diver damage to coral reefs. Dive Training, 12(1), 38-49.
  • Chipman, B., & Helfrich, L. (1988). Recreation specialization and motivations of Virginia river anglers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 8, 390-398.
  • The Coral Reef Alliance. (n.d.). Coral friendly divers. Retrieved April 6, 2002, from http://www.coralreefalliance.org/howyoucanhelp/coralfriendlydivers.htm
  • Cottrell, S. (2003). Influence of sociodemographics and environmental attitudes on general responsible environmental behavior among recreational boaters. Environment and Behavior, 35, 347-375.
  • Cottrell, S., & Graefe, A. (1997). Testing a conceptual framework of responsible environmental behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 29(1), 17-27.
  • Cousteau, J. (1998). High noon for coral reefs. Skin Diver, 47(12), 32.
  • Davis, D., Harriott, V., MacNamara, C., Roberts, L., & Austin, S. (1995). Conflicts in a marine protected area: Scuba divers, economics, ecology and management in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Australasian Parks and Leisure, 31(1), 29-35.
  • Davis, D., & Tisdell, C. (1995). Recreational scuba diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management, 26(1), 19-40.
  • Ditton, R., Loomis, D., & Choi, S. (1992). Recreation specialization: Reconceptualization from a social world's perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 33-51.
  • Dyck, C., Schneider, I., Thompson, M., & Virden, R. (2003). Specialization among mountaineers and its relationship to environmental attitudes. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(2), 44-62.
  • Fishman, D. (1991). Loving the reef to death. Sea Frontiers, 37(2), 14-22.
  • Graefe, A., Donnelly, M., & Vaske, J. (1986). Crowding and specialization: A reexamination of the crowding model. In Proceedings of the National Wilderness Research Conference: Current research (Tech. Rep. INT-212, pp. 333-338). Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service.
  • Hammitt, W., McDonald, C., & Hughes, J. (1983). Experience level and participation motives of winter wilderness users. In Proceedings of the National Wilderness Research Conference: Current research (Tech. Rep. INT-212, pp. 269-277). Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service.
  • Harriott, V., Davis, D., & Banks, S. (1997). Recreational diving and its impact on marine protected areas in eastern Australia. Ambios, 26, 173-179.
  • Hines, J., Hungerford, H., & Tomera, A. (1986). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.
  • Hopkin, T., & Moore, R. (1995). The relationship of recreation specialization to the setting preferences of mountain bicyclists. In Proceedings of the 1994 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (Tech. Rep. NE-198, pp. 71-75). Radnor, PA: U.S. Forest Service.
  • Hsu, S. (2004). The effects of an environmental education program on responsible environmental behavior and associated environmental literacy variables in Taiwanese college students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 35(2), 37-46.
  • The International Ecotourism Society. (1998). An introductory fact sheet on marine ecotourism. Retrieved April 6, 2002, from http://www.ecotourism.org/textfiles/murfaq.txt
  • Katz, M. (1981). An assessment of intra-group differences in conservation attitudes and environmentalism as a function of activity involvement among fly fishermen. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, State College.
  • Kauffman, R. (1984). The relationship between activity specialization and resource related attitudes and expected rewards for canoeists. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
  • Kuentzel, W., & Heberlein, T. (1992). Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters? Leisure Sciences, 14, 211-226.
  • Kuentzel, W., & Heberlein, T. (1997). Social status, self-development, and the process of sailing specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 300-319.
  • Kuentzel, W., & McDonald, C. (1992). Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 269-287.
  • Lee, H., & Scott, D. (2004). Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis. Leisure Sciences, 26, 245-260.
  • Lloyd, G. (1993). An examination of the relationship between angler specialization and constraints to trout fishing. Unpublished master's thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
  • Manning, R. (1999). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
  • Marion, J., & Leung, Y. (1998). International impact research and management. In W. E. Hammitt & D. N. Cole (Eds.), Wildland recreation: Ecology and management (pp. 328-346). New York: Wiley.
  • Martin, S. (1997). Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2(1), 1-18.
  • Mastny, L. (2001). A worldwatch addendum on coral reefs. WorldWatch, 14(3), 20-21.
  • McCawley, R., & Teaff, J. (1995). Characteristics and environmental attitudes of coral reef divers in Florida Keys. In S. F. McCool & A. E. Watson (Eds.), Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability (Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-323, pp. 63-68). Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service.
  • McFarlane, B. (1994). Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 22, 361-370.
  • McFarlane, B. (2004). Recreation specialization and site choice among vehicle-based campers. Leisure Sciences, 26, 309-322.
  • McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. (1992). Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle based campers. Leisure Sciences, 14(1), 3-16.
  • Medio, D., Ormond, R., & Pearson, M. (1997). Effects of briefings on rates of damage to coral by scuba divers. Biological Conservation, 79, 91-95.
  • Merrill, K. (1996). The relationship between activity specialization and preferences for setting and route attributes of selected rock climbers. Unpublished master's thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
  • Meyer, L. (2002). Recreation specialization and environmental behaviors: An exploratory analysis among scuba divers. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Mowen, A., Williams, D., & Graefe, A. (1997). Specialized participants and their environmental attitudes: Re-examining the role of "traditional" and psychological specialization dimensions. In Proceedings of the 1996 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (Tech. Rep. NE-232, pp. 134-138). Radnor, PA: U.S. Forest Service.
  • Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI). (2005). Diver statistics. Retrieved July 16, 2005, from http://www.padi.com/english/common/padi/statistics/2.asp
  • Rokicka, E. (2002). Attitudes toward natural environment. International Journal of Sociology, 32, 78-91.
  • Rouphael, T., & Inglis, G. (1997). Impacts of recreational scuba diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation, 82, 329-336.
  • Saad, L. (2002). America still committed to environmental protection but less concerned than last year. Retrieved April 8, 2002, from http://poll.gallup.com/content/default.aspx?ci=5848&pg=1
  • Scott, D., Baker, S., & Kim, C. (1999). Motivation and commitments among participants in the Great Texas Birding Classic. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 8, 181-198.
  • Scott, D., & Shafer, C. (2001). Recreation specialization: A critical look at the construct. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), 319-343.
  • Status of the Coral Reefs of the World. (2000). Global coral reef monitoring network. Townsend, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
  • Talge, H. (1993). Impact of recreational divers on scleractinian corals at Looe Key, Florida. In Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium (Vol. 2, pp. 1077-1082). Mangalio: University of Guam Press.
  • Tarrant, M., & Cordell, K. (1997). The effect of respondent characteristics on general environmental attitude-behavior correspondence. Environment and Behavior, 29, 618-633.
  • Tarrant, M., & Green, G. (1999). Outdoor recreation and the predictive validity of environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences, 21(1), 17-30.
  • Thapa, B. (2000). The association of outdoor recreation activities and environmental attitudes and behaviors among forest recreationists. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
  • Thapa, B., & Graefe, A. (2003). Forest recreationists and environmentalism. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(1), 75-103.
  • Todd, S. (2000). Scuba diving in New York's Great Lakes: From novice to professional (New York Sea Grant Institute Completion Report). Cortland: SUNY, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies.
  • Todd, S., Cooper, T., & Graefe, A. (2000). Scuba diving and underwater cultural resources, differences in environmental beliefs, ascriptions of responsibility, and management preferences based on level of development. In Proceedings of the 2000 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (Tech. Rep. NE-269, pp. 131-140). Radnor, PA: U.S. Forest Service.
  • Townsend, C. (2000). The effects of environmental education on the behavior of divers: A case study from the British Virgin Islands. Unpublished master's thesis, The University of Greenwich, London, England.
  • Van Liere, K., & Noe, F. (1981). Outdoor recreation and environmental attitudes: Further examination of the Dunlap-Heffernan Thesis. Rural Sociology, 46, 505-513.
  • Virden, R., & Schreyer, R. (1988). Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference. Environment and Behavior, 20, 721-739.
  • Wellman, J., Roggenbuck, J., & Smith, A. (1982). Recreation specialization and norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists. Journal of Leisure Research, 14, 323-340.
  • Williams, D., & Huffman, M. (1986). Recreation specialization as a factor in backcountry trail choice. In Proceedings of the 1985 National Wilderness Research Conference: Current research (Tech. Rep. INT-212, pp. 339-344). Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.