Advanced search
Publication Cover
Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs Volume 130, 2004 - Issue 3
Journal homepage
227
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Dimensions of Premorbid Functioning in Schizophrenia: A Review of Neuromotor, Cognitive, Social, and Behavioral Domains

Lindsay S. Schenkel University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Psychology
&
Steven M. Silverstein University of Illinois Center for Cognitive Medicine Chicago
Pages 241-272 | Published online: 19 Aug 2010

  • Cannon, M., Walsh, E., Hollis, C., Kargin, M., Taylor, E., Murray, R. M., et al. (2001). Predictors of later schizophrenia and affective psychosis among attendees at a child psychiatry department. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 420–426.
  • Cannon, T. D., Bearden, C. E., Hollister, J. M., Rosso, I. M., Sanchez, L. E., & Hadley, T. (2000). Childhood cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: A prospective cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 379–393.
  • Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99, 5–77.
  • Corcoran, R., & Frith, C. D. (1996). Conversational conduct and the symptoms of schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 305–318.
  • Corcoran, R., & Frith, C. D. (2003). Autobiographical memory and theory of mind: Evidence of a relationship in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 33, 897–905.
  • Alward, E., Walker, E., & Bettes, B. (1984). Intelligence in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 430–459.
  • Ambelas, A. (1992). Preschizophrenics: Adding to the evidence, sharpening the focus. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 401–404.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Amminger, G. P., Pape, S., Rock, D., Roberts, S. A., Ott, S. L., Squires-Wheeler, E., et al. (1999). Relationship between childhood behavioral disturbance and later schizophrenia in the New York High-Risk Project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 525–530.
  • Amminger, G. P., Pape, S., Rock, D., Roberts, S. A., Ott, S. L., Squires-Wheeler, E., et al. (2000). Comorbidity for Axis I disorders is preceded by childhood behavioral disturbance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 751–756.
  • Ang, Y.-G., & Tan, H.-Y. (2004). Academic deterioration prior to first episode schizophrenia in young Singaporean males. Psychiatry Research, 121, 303–307.
  • Braff, D. L., & Light, G. A. (2004). Preattentional and attentional cognitive deficits as targets for treating schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 174, 75–85.
  • Cannon, M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Murray, R. M., et al. (2002). Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 449–456.
  • Carter, J. W., Parnas, J., Cannon, T. D., Schulsinger, F., & Mednick, S. A. (1999). MMPI variables predictive of schizophrenia in the Copenhagen High-Risk Project: A 25-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99, 432–440.
  • Childs, G., & McKay, M. (2001). Boys starting school disadvantaged: Implications from teachers; ratings of behavior and achievement in the first two years of life. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 303–314.
  • Davidson, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J., Weiser, M., Kaplan, Z., & Mark, M. (1999). Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1328–1335.
  • DeGarmo, D. S., Forgatch, M. S., & Martinez, C. R. (1999). Parenting of divorced mothers as a link between social status and boys' academic outcomes: Unpacking the effects of socioeconomic status. Child Development, 70, 1231–1245.
  • Cornblatt, B. A., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1985). Global attentional deviance as a marker of risk for schizophrenia: Specificity and predictive validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 470–486.
  • Cornblatt, B. A., & Keilp, J. G. (1994). Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 31–46.
  • Cornblatt, B. A., Lenzenweger, M., Dworkin, R. H., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1992). Childhood attentional dysfunctions predict social deficits in unaffected adults at risk for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161(Suppl. 18), 59–64.
  • Cornblatt, B. A., Obuchowski, M., Roberts, S., Pollack, S., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1999). Cognitive and behavioral precursors of schizophrenia. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 487–508.
  • Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • David, A. S., Malmberg, A., Brandt, L., Allebeck, P., & Lewis, G. (1997). IQ and risk for schizophrenia: A population-based cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1311–1323.
  • Delgado, S., Schenkel, L. S., Meredith, C., Purcell, L., & Spaulding, W. D. (2001, November). Child abuse and neglect in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Poster session presented at the meeting of the Society for Research for Psychopathology, Madison, Wisconsin.
  • Done, D. J., Crow, T. J., Johnstone, E. C., & Sacker, A. (1994). Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness—Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. British Medical Journal, 309, 699–703.
  • Hans, S. L., Auerbach, J. G., Asarnow, J. R., Benedict, S., & Marcus, J. (2000). Social adjustment of adolescents at risk for schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1406–1414.
  • Isohanni, I., Jarvelin, M. R., Nieminen, P., Jones, P., Rantakallio, P., Jokelainen, J., et al. (1998). School performance as a predictor of psychiatric hospitalization in adult life. A 28-year follow-up in the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Psychological Medicine, 28, 967–974.
  • Isohanni, I., Jones, P. B., Moilanen, K., Rantakallio, P., Veijola, J., Oja, H., et al. (2001). Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 52, 1–19.
  • Isohanni, M., Isohanni, I., Koponen, H., Koskinen, J., Laine, P., Lauronen, E., et al. (2004). Developmental precursors of psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6, 168–175.
  • Jones, P., Murray, R., & Rogers, B. (1995). Childhood risk factors for adult schizophrenia in a general population birth cohort at age 43 years. In S. A. Mednick & J. M. Hollister (Eds.), Neural development and schizophrenia: Theory and research (pp. 156–176). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Jones, P., Rogers, B., Murray, R., & Marmot, M. (1994). Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British birth cohort. Lancet, 344, 1398–1402.
  • Cannon, M., Jones, P., Gilvarry, C., Rifkin, L., McKenzie, K., Foerster, A., et al. (1997). Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Similarities and differences. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1544–1550.
  • Cannon, M., Jones, P., Huttunen, M. O., Tanskanen, A., Huttunen, T., Rabe-Hesketh, S., et al. (1999). School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia: A population-based longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 457–463.
  • Isohanni, M., Murray, G. K., Jokelainen, J., Croudace, T., & Jones, P. B. (2004). The persistence of developmental markers in childhood and adolescence and risk for schizophrenic psychoses in adult life: A 34-year follow-up of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 71, 213–225.
  • Jones, P., & Done, D. J. (1997). From birth to onset: A developmental perspective of schizophrenia in two national birth cohorts. In M. S. Keshavan & R. M. Murray (Eds.), Neurodevelopmental and adult psychopathology (pp. 119–136). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Knight, R. A., & Roff, J. D. (1983). Childhood and young adult predictors of schizophrenic outcome. In D. Ricks & B. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Origins of psychopathology: Research and public policy (pp. 129–153). London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Knight, R. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (1998). The role of cognitive psychology in guiding research on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A process-oriented approach. In M. F. Lenzenweger & R. H. Dworkin (Eds.), Origins and developments of schizophrenia: Advances in experimental psychopathology (pp. 247–295). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Dworkin, R. H., Cornblatt, B. A., Friedmann, R., Kaplansky, L. M., Lewis, J. A., Rinaldi, A., et al. (1993). Childhood precursors of affective vs. social deficits in adolescents at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 563–577.
  • Elley, W. B., & Irving, J. C. (1976). Revised socio-economic index for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 7, 153–167.
  • Foerster, A., Lewis, S., Owen, M., & Murray, R. (1991). Premorbid adjustment and personality in psychosis: Effects of sex and diagnosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 623–627.
  • Frith, C. D., & Corcoran, R. (1996). Exploring theory of mind in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 521–530.
  • Fuller, R., Nopoulos, P., Arndt, S., O'Leary, D., Ho, B., & Andreasen, N. C. (2002). Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1183–1189.
  • Galderisi, S., Maj, M., Mucci, A., Battista Cassano, G., Invernizzi, G., Rossi, A., et al. (2002). Historical, psychopathological, neurological, and neuropsychological aspects of deficit schizophrenia: A multicenter study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 983–990.
  • Gillberg, C. (1999). Neurodevelopmental processes and psychological functioning in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 567–587.
  • Gilvarry, C., Takei, N., Russell, A., Rushe, T., Hemsley, D., & Murray, R. M. (2000). Premorbid IQ in patients with functional psychosis and their first-degree relatives. Schizophrenia Research, 41, 417–429.
  • Walker, E. F., Lewis, N., Loewy, R., & Palyo, S. (1999). Motor dysfunction and risk for schizophrenia. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 509–524.
  • Weinberger, D. R. (1995). From neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet, 346, 552–557.
  • Weiss, K. M. (1989). Advantages of abandoning symptom-based diagnostic systems of research in schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 324–330.
  • Weiss, K. M. (1990). Advantages of reconceptualizing schizophrenia in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 21–28.
  • Weiss, K. M. (1992). On the distinctions between diagnosis, description, and measurement of schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 25, 239–248.
  • Willinger, U., Heiden, A. M., Meszaros, K., Formann, A. K., & Aschauer, H. N. (2001). Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia: Obstetric complications, birth weight, premorbid social withdrawal, and learning disabilities. Neuropsychobiology, 43, 163–169.
  • Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., McFarlane, C. A., Jackson, H. J., Patton, G. C., & Rakkar, A. (1996). Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 283–304.
  • Sigurdsson, E., Fombonne, E., Sayal, K., & Checkley, S. (1999). Neurodevelopmental antecedents of early-onset bipolar affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 121–127.
  • Silverstein, M. L., Mavrolefteros, G., & Turnbull, A. (2003). Premorbid factors in relation to motor, memory, and executive functions deficits in adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 61, 271–280.
  • Sobin, C., Blundell, M. L., Conry, A., Weiller, F., Gavigan, C., Haiman, C., et al. (2001). Early, non-psychotic deviant behavior in schizophrenia: A possible endophenotype marker for genetic studies. Psychiatry Research, 101, 101–113.
  • Tamminga, C. A., Buchanan, R. W., & Gold, J. M. (1998). The role of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia outcome. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, S21–S26.
  • Sameroff, A., Barocas, R., & Seifer, R. (1984). The early development of children born to mentally ill women. In N. F. Watt, E. J. Anthony, L. C. Wynne, & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Children at risk for schizophrenia: Longitudinal perspective (pp. 482–513). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Oel, C. J., Sitskoorn, M. M., Cremer, M. P., & Kahn, R. S. (2002). School performance as a premorbid marker for schizophrenia: A twin study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28, 401–414.
  • Van Os, J., Jones, P., Lewis, G., Wadsworth, M., & Murray, R. (1997). Developmental precursors of affective illness in a general population birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 625–631.
  • Walker, E. F. (1994). Developmentally moderated expressions of the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 453–480.
  • Schiffman, J., Walker, E., Ekstrom, M., Schulsinger, F., Sorensen, H., & Mednick, S. (2004). Childhood videotaped social and neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia: A prospective investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2021–2027.
  • Olin, S. S., Mednick, S. A., Cannon, T., Jacobsen, B., Parnas, J., Schulsinger, F., et al. (1998). School teacher ratings predictive of psychiatric outcome 25 years later. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 7–13.
  • Opler, L., Ramirez, R. M., Lindenmayer, J.-P., & Wilkens, C. (1993, April). Social unrelatedness and a schizophrenic dimension. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the New York Neuropsychology Group, New York.
  • Palmer, B. W., Dunn, L. B., Appelbaum, P. S., & Jeste, D. V. (2004). Correlates of treatment-related decision-making capacity among middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 230–236.
  • Phillips, W. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (2003). Converging of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 63–135.
  • Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Rabinowitz, J., Caspi, M. D., Schmeidler, J., Mark, M., et al. (2002). A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2027–2035.
  • Roff, J. D., & Fultz, J. M. (2003). Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia: Developmental sequencing and specificity of problem behavior. Psychological Reports, 92, 793–803.
  • Munro, J. C., Russell, A. J., Murray, R. M., Kerwin, R. W., & Jones, P. B. (2002). IQ in childhood psychiatric attendees predicts outcome of later schizophrenia at 21 year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 139–142.
  • Murray, R. M., Sham, P., Van Os, J., Zanelli, J., Cannon, M., & McDonald, C. (2004). A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 71, 405–416.
  • Rosso, I. M., Bearden, C. E., Hollister, M., Gasperoni, T. L., Sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., et al. (2000). Childhood neuromotor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: A prospective cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 367–378.
  • Rund, B. R., Melle, I., Friis, S., Larsen, T. K., Midboe, L. J., Opjordsmoen, S., et al. (2004). Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: Correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 466–472.
  • Knight, R. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (2001). A process-oriented approach for averting confounds resulting from general performance deficiencies in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 31–39.
  • Kraepelin, E. (1921). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. (R. M. Barclay & G. M. Robertson, Trans.). Harrington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing. (Original work published 1919)
  • Kremen, W. S., Buka, S. L., Seidman, L. J., Goldstein, J. M., Koren, D., & Tsuang, M. T. (1998). IQ decline during childhood and adult psychotic symptoms in a community sample: A 19-year longitudinal study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 672–677.
  • Larsen, T. K., McGlashen, T. H., Johannessen, J. O., & Vibe-Hansen, L. (1996). First-episode schizophrenia: II. Premorbid patterns by gender. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 257–269.
  • Lenzenweger, M. F., & Dworkin, R. H. (1996). The dimensions of schizophrenia phenomenology. Not one or two, at least three, perhaps four. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 432–440.
  • Lewis, D. A., & Levitt, P. (2002). Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 409–432.
  • Ma, X., & Wilkins, J. L. (2002). The development of science achievement in middle and high school. Individual differences and school effects. Evaluation Review, 26, 395–417.
  • Marcus, J., Auerbach, J., Wilkinson, L., & Burack, C. (1981). Infants at risk for schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 703–713.
  • Marcus, J., Hans, S., Auerbach, J. G., & Auerbach, A. (1993). Children at risk for schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study. II. Neurobehavioral deficits at school age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 797–809.
  • Marcus, J., Hans, S., Auerbach, J. G., & Auerbach, A. (1994). Children at risk for schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 637–646.
  • Marcus, J., Hans, S., Lewow, E., Wilkinson, L., & Burack, C. (1985). Neurological findings in high-risk children: Childhood assessment and 5-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 85–100.
  • Marcus, J., Hans, S., Nagler, S., Auerbach, J. G., Mirsky, A. F., & Aubrey, A. (1987). Review of the NIMH Israeli Kibbutz-City Study and the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 425–438.
  • Mednick, S. A., Huttunen, M. O., & Machon, R. A. (1994). Prenatal influenza infections and adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 263–267.
  • Mednick, S. A., & McNeil, T. F. (1968). Current methodology in research on the etiology of schizophrenia: Serious difficulties which suggest the use of the high-risk method. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 681–693.
  • Mirsky, A., Kugelmass, S., Ingraham, L., Frenkel, E., & Nathan, M. (1995). Overview and summary: Twenty-five-year follow-up of high-risk children. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21, 227–239.
  • Neumann, C. S., Grimes, K., Walker, E. F., & Baum, K. (1995). Developmental pathways to schizophrenia: Behavioral subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 558–566.
  • Neumann, C. S., & Walker, E. F. (1996). Childhood neuromotor soft signs, behavior problems and adult psychopathology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 173–203.
  • Nicolson, R., Lenane, M., Singaracharlu, S., Malaspina, D., Geidd, J. N., Hamburger, S. D., et al. (2000). Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: Association with risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 794–800.
  • Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Rosso, I. M., Sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., Nuechterlein, K. H., et al. (2003). A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2060–2062.
  • Olin, S. S., & Mednick, S. A. (1996). Risk factors of psychosis: Identifying vulnerable populations premorbidly. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 223–240.
  • Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., Rock, D., Roberts, S. A., Janal, M., Kestenbaum, S., Cornblatt, B., et al. (2000). Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychosis: The New York High-Risk Project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1416–1422.
  • Fish, B., Marcus, J., Hans, S. L., Auerbach, J. G., & Perdue, S. (1992). Infants at risk for schizophrenia: Sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative deficit. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 221–235.
  • Bayley, N. (1969). Bayley Scales of Infant Development. New York: Psychological Corporation.
  • Bender, L. (1947). Childhood schizophrenia: Clinical study of 100 schizophrenic children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 17, 40–56.
  • Sullivan, H. S. (1994). The onset of schizophrenia [1927]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(Suppl. 6), 135–139.
  • Marenco, S., & Weinberger, D. R. (2000). The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: Following a trail of evidence from cradle to grave. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 501–527.
  • McGlashan, T. F., & Johannessen, J. O. (1996). Early detection and intervention with schizophrenia: Rationale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 201–222.
  • Mears, A. (1959). The diagnosis of prepsychotic schizophrenia. Lancet, 1, 55–59.
  • Silverstein, S. M., & Schenkel, L. (1997). Schizophrenia as a model of context-deficient cortical computation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 696–697.
  • Sloan, W. (1955). The Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale. General Psychology Monographs, 51, 183–252.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.