The Role of Authoritarianism, Perceived Threat, and Need for Closure or Structure in Predicting Post-9/11 Attitudes and Beliefs

References

• Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B. (1987). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other "authoritarian personality." In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 47-92). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chirumbolo, A. (2002). The relationship between need for cognitive closure and political orientation: The mediating role of authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 603-610.
   Google Scholar
• Cohrs, J. C., Kielmann, S., Maes, J., & Moschner, B. (2005). Effects of right-wing authoritarianism and threat from terrorism on restriction of civil liberties. Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5, 263-276.
   Google Scholar
• Cohrs, J. C., Moschner, B., Maes, J., & Kielmann, S. (2005). The motivational bases of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Relations to values and attitudes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1425-1434.
   Google Scholar
• Crowson, H. M., DeBacker, T., & Thoma, S. J. (2005). Does authoritarianism predict post-9/11 attitudes? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1273-1283.
   Google Scholar
• De Grada, E., Kruglanski, A. W., Mannetti, L., & Pierro, A. (1999). Motivated cognition and group interaction: Need for closure affects the contents and processes of collective negotiations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 346-365.
   Google Scholar
• Dijksterhuis, A., Van Knippenberg, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Schaper, C. (1996). Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 254-270.
   Google Scholar
• Doty, R. M., Peterson, B. E., & Winter, D. G. (1991). Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978-1987. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 629-640.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J. (1992). Threat and authoritarianism: Another look. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 697-698.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41-113). San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24, 199-222.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 75-93.
   Google Scholar
• Duriez, B., & Van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1199-1213.
   Google Scholar
• Duriez, B., Van Hiel, A., & Kossowska, M. (2005). Authoritarianism and social dominance in Western and Eastern Europe: The importance of the sociopolitical context and of political interest and involvement. Political Psychology, 26, 299-320.
   Google Scholar
• Federico, C. M., Golec, A., & Dial, J. L. (2005). The relationship between the need for closure and support for military action against Iraq: Moderating effects of national attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 621-632.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, S., & Stenner, K. (1997). Perceived threat and authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 18, 741-770.
   Google Scholar
• Golec, A., & Federico, C. M. (2004). Understanding responses to political conflict: Interactive effects of the need for closure and salient conflict schemas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 750-762.
   Google Scholar
• Golec, A., Federico, C. M., Cislak, A., & Dial, J. L. (2005). Need for closure, national attachment, and attitudes toward international conflict: Distinguishing the roles of patriotism and nationalism. Advances in Psychology Research, 33, 231-251.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J., Porteus, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1995). Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1221-1228.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., et al. (1990). Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 308-318.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 24-36.
   Google Scholar
• Heaven, P. C. L., & Connors, J. R. (2001). A note on the value correlates of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 925-930.
   Google Scholar
• Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375.
   Google Scholar
• Kemmelmeier, M. (2004). Authoritarianism and candidate support in the U.S. presidential elections of 1996 and 2000. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 218-222.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W. (1980). Lay epistemo-logic—Process and contents: Another look at attribution theory. Psychological Review, 87, 70-87.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay inferences: Effects of impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1991). Group members' reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 212-225.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing." Psychological Review, 103, 263-283.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M., & Klem, A. (1993). Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 861-876.
   Google Scholar
• Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., et al. (2004). Deliver us from evil: The effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W. Bush. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1136-1150.
   Google Scholar
• Lavine, H., Burgess, D., Snyder, M., Transue, J., Sullivan, J. L., Haney, B., et al. (1999). Threat, authoritarianism, and voting: An investigation of personality and persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 337-347.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, G. E., Sullivan, J. L., Theiss-Morse, E., & Wood, S. L. (1995). With malice toward some: How people make civil liberties judgments. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCann, S. J. H. (1999). Threatening times and fluctuations in American church memberships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 325-336.
   Google Scholar
• McFarland, S. (2005). On the eve of war: Authoritarianism, social dominance, and American students' attitudes toward attacking Iraq. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 360-367.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., Simon, L., et al. (1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience motivates aggression against worldview-threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 590-605.
   Google Scholar
• McHoskey, J. W. (1996). Authoritarianism and ethical ideology. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 709-717.
   Google Scholar
• Neuberg, S. L., Judice, T. N., & West, S. G. (1997). What the Need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not measure: Toward differentiating among related epistemic motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1396-1412.
   Google Scholar
• Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113-131.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, B. E., Smirles, K. A., & Wentworth, P. A. (1997). Generativity and authoritarianism: Implications for personality, political involvement, and parenting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1202-1216.
   Google Scholar
• Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763.
   Google Scholar
• Sales, S. M. (1973). Threat as a factor in authoritarianism. An analysis of archival data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 44-57.
   Google Scholar
• Sales, S. M., & Friend, K. E. (1973). Success and failure as determinants of levels of authoritarianism. Behavioral Science, 18, 163-172.
   Google Scholar
• Schaller, M., Boyd, C., Yohannes, J., & O'Brien, M. (1995). The prejudiced personality revisited: Personal need for structure and the formation of erroneous group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 544-555.
   Google Scholar
• Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. G., & Winter, D. G. (2002). Right-wing authoritarianism, party identification, and attitudes toward feminism in student evaluations of the Clinton-Lewinsky story. Political Psychology, 23, 355-383.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hiel, A., Pandelaere, M., & Duriez, B. (2004). The impact of need for closure on conservative beliefs and racism: Differential mediation by authoritarian submission and authoritarian dominance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 824-837.
   Google Scholar
• Willer, R. (2004, September 30). The effects of government-issued terror warnings on presidential approval ratings. Current Research in Social Psychology, 10, Article 1. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Egrpproc/crisp/crisp.10.1.html
   Google Scholar
• Yum, Y.-O., & Schenk-Hamlin, W. (2005). Reactions to 9/11 as a function of terror management and perspective-taking. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 265-286.
   Google Scholar