Is There a Role for Optokinetic Nystagmus Testing in Contemporary Orthoptic Practice? Old Tricks and New Perspectives

References

• Smith JL. Optokinetic Nystagmus: Its Use in Neuro-Ophthalmologic Diagnosis. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas; 1963, pp. 3–127.
   Google Scholar
• Knapp CM, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I: OKN asymmetry in human subjects'. A literature review. Strabismus 2013; 21: 37–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallman J: Subcortical optokinetic mechanisms. In: Visual Motion and Its Role in the Stabilization of Gaze. Miles FA, Wallman J, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993, pp. 321–342.
   Google Scholar
• Miles FA. Subcortical optokinetic mechanisms. In: Visual Motion and Its Role in the Stabilization of Gaze. Miles FA, Wallman J, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993, pp. 394–403.
   Google Scholar
• Smith JL, Cogan DG: Optokinetic nystagmus in cerebral disease: A report of fourteen autopsied cases. Neurology 1960; 10: 127–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddington J, Harris CM: Human optokinetic nystagmus: A stochastic analysis. J Vis 2014; 12: 5, 1-17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohm J: Die objeckive Sehschärfenbestimmung mit Hilfe des optokinetischen Nystagmus bei einem einäugigen “Kriegsblinden.” Klin Mbl Augenheilk 1949; 115: 193–197.
   Google Scholar
• Barany R: The clinical aspects and theory of train nystagmus. Arch Augenheilk 1921; 88: 139–142.
   Google Scholar
• Cords R: Optisch-motorisches Feld und optisch-motorische Bahn: Ein Beitrag zur Physiologic und Pathologie der Rindeninnervation der Augenmuskeln. Arch f Ophth 1926; 117: 58.
   Google Scholar
• Jung R, Kornhuber HH: Results of electronystagmography in man: The value of optokinetic, vestibular, and spontaneous nystagmus for neurologic diagnosis and research. In: The Oculomotor System. Bender MB, ed. New York: Harper and Row; 1964, pp. 447–488.
   Google Scholar
• Smith JL, Cogan DG: Optokinetic nystagmus: A test for parietal lobe lesions; a study of 31 anatomically verified cases. Am J Ophthalmol 1959; 48: 187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society Virtual Education Library. The J. Lawton Smith Neuro-Ophthalmology Collection. http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/EHSL_Lawton_Smith/id/181/rec/1
   Google Scholar
• Levenson DS, Smith JL: Optokinetic nystagmus and occipital lesions. Am J Ophthalmol 1966; 61: 753–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valmaggia C, Proudlock F, Gottlob I: Optokinetic nystagmus in strabismus: Are asymmetries related to binocularity? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 5142–5150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt S, Harwood MR, Harris CM: Anticompensatory eye position (“contraversion”) in optokinetic nystagmus. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 956: 445–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman RM: The effect of luminance on human smooth pursuit of perifoveal and foveal targets. Vision Res 1978; 18: 1165–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halmagyi GM, Gresty MA, Leech J: Reversed optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): Mechanism and clinical significance. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 429–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky MC, Dell'Osso LF: A unifying neurologic mechanism for infantile nystagmus. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132: 761–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips PH, Brodsky MC, Henry PM: Congenital ocular motor apraxia with autosomal dominant inheritance. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129: 820–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr JE, Green SH, Willshaw HE: Neurodevelopmental implications of ocular motor apraxia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005; 47: 815–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan JE, Kearney S, Groenveld M, Sargent MA, Poskitt KJ: Speech, cognition, and imaging studies in congenital ocular motor apraxia. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998; 40: 95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris CM, Shawkat F, Russell-Eggitt I, Wilson J, Taylor D: Intermittent horizontal saccade failure (“ocular motor apraxia”) in children. BJO 1996; 80: 151–158.
   Google Scholar
• Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Chain F, Gray M, et al.: Parinaud syndrome. Brain 1982; 105: 667–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh RJ, Zee DS, eds. The Neurology of Eye Movements, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006, pp. 620–627.
   Google Scholar
• Brodsky MC. Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2010, p. 421.
   Google Scholar
• Marti S, Straumann D, Büttner U, Glasauer S: A model-based theory on the origin of downbeat nystagmus. Exp Brain Res 2008; 188: 613–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasauer S, Stephan T, Kalla R, Marti S, Straumann D: Up-down asymmetry of cerebellar activation during vertical pursuit eye movements. Cerebellum 2009; 8: 385–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JW, Cogan DG: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: A review of fifty-eight cases. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1959; 61: 687–694.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JL, David NJ: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: Two new clinical signs. Neurology 1964; 14: 307–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy R, Dawson E, Khan S, Adams GG, Lee J: Botulinum toxin in the management of internuclear ophthalmoplegia. J AAPOS 2007; 11: 456–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan DG: Neurology of the Ocular Muscles, 2nd ed. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas; 1970, pp. 37–41.
   Google Scholar
• Masseck OA, Hoffmann KP: Comparative neurobiology of the optokinetic reflex. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1164: 430–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky MC, Klaehn L: The optokinetic uncover test: Anew insight into infantile esotropia. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131: 759–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braddick O, Atkinson J, Wattam-Bell J: Normal and anomalous development of visual motion processing: Motion coherence and “dorsal-stream vulnerability.” Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 1769–1784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braddick O, Atkinson J: Development of human visual function. Vision Res 2011; 51: 1588–1609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg AV, Collewijn H: Directional asymmetries of human optokinetic nystagmus. Exp Brain Res 1988; 70: 597–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann KP: Neural basis for optokinetic defects in animals with strabismus. In: Kaufmann H, ed. Transactions of the 16^th Meeting of the European Strabismological Association. Giessen, Germany: Gahmig Druck; 1987, pp. 35–46.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann KP, Bremmer F, Thiele A, Distler C: Directional asymmetry of neurons in cortical areas MT and MST projecting to the NOT-DTN in macaques. J Neurophysiol 2002; 87: 2113–2123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distler C, Hoffmann KP: Visual pathway for the optokinetic reflex in infant macaque monkeys. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 17659–17668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braddick O: Where is the naso-temporal asymmetry? Curr Biol 1996; 6: 250–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommerell G: Ocular motor phenomena in infantile strabismus: Asymmetry in optokinetic nystagmus and pursuit, latent nystagmus, and dissociated vertical divergence. In: Lennerstrand G, von Noorden GK, Campos EC, eds. Strabismus and Amblyopia: Experimental Basis for Advances in Clinical Management. New York: Macmillan Press; 1988, pp. 99–109.
   Google Scholar
• Wright KW: Clinical optokinetic nystagmus asymmetry in treated esotropes. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996; 33: 153–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommerell G: Beziehungen zwischen strabismus und nystagmus. In: Augenbewegungsstörungen (Disorders of Ocular Motility). Symposien der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft; 1978, pp. 367–373.
   Google Scholar
• Brodsky MC: The accessory optic system: The fugitive visual control system in infantile strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 2012; 130: 1055–1058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris LR, Lepore F, Guillemot JP, Cyander M: Abolition of optokinetic nystagmus in the cat. Science 1980; 210: 91–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Precht W, Montarolo PG, Strata P: The role of crossed and uncrossed retinal fibers in mediating the horizontal optokinetic nystagmus in the cata. Neurosci Lett 1980; 17: 39–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmi M, Howard IP, Eveleigh B: Directional preponderance in human optokinetic nystagmus. Exp Brain Res 1986; 63: 387–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner F: Nonvisual control of human saccadic eye movements. In: Lennerstrad G, Bach-Y-Rita P, eds. Basic Mechanisms of Ocular Motility and their Clinical Implications. Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press, 1975, pp. 565–569.
   Google Scholar
• Pasik T, Pasik P: Optokinetic nystagmus: An unlearned response altered by section of chiasma and corpus callosum in monkeys. Nature 1964; 203: 609–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann KP, Distler C, Ilg U: Callosal and superior temporal sulcus contributions to receptive field properties in the macaque monkey's nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract. J Comp Neurol 1992; 321: 150–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehdorn E: Nasal-temporal asymmetry of the optokinetic nystagmus after bilateral occipital infractions in man. In: Lennerstrand G, Zee DS, Keller EL, eds. Functional Basis of Ocular Motility Disorders. Oxford: Pergamon; 1981, pp 321–324.
   Google Scholar