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Guest Opinion

High AC/A Ratio Esotropia: Do we Really Need to be Using Bifocals?

, M.D.
Pages 5-10 | Published online: 22 Dec 2017

References

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  • Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G: The management of esotropia with high AC/A ratio (convergence excess). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1985; 22: 238–242. PubMed PMID: 4078665.
  • Ludwig IH, Parks MM, Getson PR, Kammerman LA: Rate of deterioration in accommodative esotropia correlated to the AC/A relationship. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1988; 25: 8–12. PubMed PMID: 3343641.
  • O'Hara MA, Calhoun JH: Surgical correction of excess esotropia at near. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1990; 27: 120–123; discussion 124–125. PubMed PMID: 2366123.
  • Kushner BJ: Fifteen-year outcome of surgery for the near angle in patients with accommodative esotropia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119: 1150–1153. PubMed PMID: 11483081.
  • Lueder GT, Norman AA: Strabismus surgery for elimination of bifocals in accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 632–635.
  • Whitman MC, MacNeill K, Hunter DG: Bifocals fail to improve stereopsis outcomes in high AC/A accommodative esotropia. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 690–696, doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.025. E-pub 2016 Feb 4. PubMed PMID: 26854034; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4808433.

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