Chronic bronchitis in West Sweden – a matter of smoking and social class

References

• Fletcher CM, Gilson JG, Hugh-Jones P, Scadding JG. Terminology, definitions and classification of chronic pulmonary emphysema and related conditions. Thorax. 1959; 14: 286–99.
   Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152: 77–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. Thorax. 1997; 52(Suppl 5): 1–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, Yernault JC, Decramer M, Higenbottam T, etal. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force. Eur Respir J. 1995; 8: 1398–420. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kim V, Han MK, Vance GB, Make BJ, Newell JD, Hokanson JE, etal. COPDGene Investigators. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene Study. Chest. 2011; 140: 626–33. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Corhay L, Vincken W, Schlesser M, Bossuyt P, Imschoot J. Chronic bronchitis in COPD patients is associated with increased risk of exacerbations: a cross-sectional multicentre study. Int J Clin Pract. 2013; 67: 1294–301. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.2014. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.com/ [cited 3 December 2014]..
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg A, Eriksson B, Larsson LG, Rönmark E, Sandström T, Lundbäck B. 7-year cumulative incidence of COPD in an age-stratified general population sample. Chest. 2006; 129: 879–85. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, Corsico A, Antó JM, Künzli N, etal. Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of young adults according to the presence of chronic cough and phlegm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175: 32–9. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• De Miguel Díez J, Barrera VH, Maestu LP, Garrido PC, García TG, García RJ. Prevalence of anxiety and depression among chronic bronchitis patients and the associated factors. Respirology. 2011; 16: 1103–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanervisto M, Saarelainen S, Vasankari T, Jousilahti P, Heistaro S, Heliövaara M, etal. COPD, chronic bronchitis and capacity for day-to-day activities: negative impact of illness on the health-related quality of life. Chron Respir Dis. 2010; 7: 207–15. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Pelkonen M, Notkola I-L, Nissinen A, Tukiainen H, Koskela H. Thirty-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis and COPD in relation to 30-year pulmonary function and 40-year mortality: a follow-up in middle-aged rural men. Chest. 2006; 130: 1129–37. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P. Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996; 135: 1530–5.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Venker C, Ceccato CM, Halonen M, Martinez FD. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk. Thorax. 2009; 64: 894–900. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Lange P, Parner J, Prescott E, Vestbo J. Chronic bronchitis in an elderly population. Age Ageing. 2003; 32: 636–42. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Ekberg-Aronsson M, Pehrsson K, Nilsson J-Å, Nilsson PM, Löfdahl C-G. Mortality in GOLD stages of COPD and its dependence on symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Respir Res. 2005; 6: 98. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Lundbäck B, Stjernberg N, Nyström L, Lundbäck K, Lindström M, Rosenhall L. An interview study to estimate prevalence of asthma and chronic bronchitis. The obstructive lung disease in northern Sweden study. Eur J Epidemiol. 1993; 9: 123–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferré A, Fuhrman C, Zureik M, Chouaid C, Vergnenègre A, Huchon G, etal. Chronic bronchitis in the general population: influence of age, gender and socio-economic conditions. Respir Med. 2012; 106: 467–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm M, Kim J-L, Lillienberg L, Storaas T, Jögi R, Svanes C, etal. Incidence and prevalence of chronic bronchitis: impact of smoking and welding. The RHINE study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012; 16: 553–7. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Meteran H, Thomsen SF, Harmsen L, Ohm Kyvik K, Skytthe A, Backer V. Risk of chronic bronchitis in twin pairs discordant for smoking. Lung. 2012; 190: 557–61. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Viegi G, Pedreschi M, Baldacci S, Chiaffi L, Pistelli F, Modena P, etal. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and diseases in general population samples of North and Central Italy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999; 3: 1034–42. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren A, Stroh E, Montnémery P, Nihlén U, Jakobsson K, Axmon A. Traffic-related air pollution associated with prevalence of asthma and COPD/chronic bronchitis. A cross-sectional study in Southern Sweden. Int J Health Geogr. 2009; 8: 2. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Bakke P, Eide O, Hanoa R, Gulsvik A. Occupational dust or gas exposure and prevalences of respiratory symptoms and asthma in a general population. Eur Respir J. 1991; 4: 273–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2006; 28: 523–32. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Huhti E . Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in a Finnish rural population. Field survey of age group 40–64 in the Harjavalta area. Acta Tuberc Pneumol Scand Suppl. 1965 Suppl 61 1–111.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich RI, White N, Norman R, Laubscher R, Steyn K, Lombard C, etal. Predictors of chronic bronchitis in South African adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004; 8: 369–76. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Accordini S, Corsico AG, Cerveri I, Antonicelli L, Attena F, Bono R, etal. Diverging trends of chronic bronchitis and smoking habits between 1998 and 2010. Respir Res. 2013; 14: 16. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Pelkonen MK, Notkola I-L, Laatikainen TK, Koskela HO. Twenty-five year trends in prevalence of chronic bronchitis and the trends in relation to smoking. Respir Med. 2014; 108: 1633–40. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Backman H, Hedman L, Jansson S-A, Lindberg A, Lundbäck B, Rönmark E. Prevalence trends in respiratory symptoms and asthma in relation to smoking – two cross-sectional studies ten years apart among adults in northern Sweden. World Allergy Organ J. 2014; 7: 1. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Lötvall J, Ekerljung L, Rönmark EP, Wennergren G, Lindén A, Rönmark E, etal. West Sweden Asthma Study: prevalence trends over the last 18 years argues no recent increase in asthma. Respir Res. 2009; 10: 94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönmark EP, Ekerljung L, Lötvall J, Torén K, Rönmark E, Lundbäck B. Large scale questionnaire survey on respiratory health in Sweden: effects of late- and non-response. Respir Med. 2009; 103: 1807–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekerljung L, Bjerg A, Bossios A, Axelsson M, Torén K, Wennergren G, etal. Five-fold increase in use of inhaled corticosteroids over 18 years in the general adult population in West Sweden. Respir Med. 2014; 108: 685–93. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lundbäck B, Nyström L, Rosenhall L, Stjernberg N. Obstructive lung disease in northern Sweden: respiratory symptoms assessed in a postal survey. Eur Resp J. 1991; 4: 257–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallasaho P, Lundbäck B, Läspä S-L, Jönsson E, Sovijärvi A, Laitinen L. Increasing prevalence of asthma but not chronic bronchitis in Finland – report from the FinEsS-Helsinki study. Respir Med. 1999; 93: 798–809. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Meren M, Jannus-Pruljan L, Loit H-M, P[otilde]lluste J, Jönsson E, Kiviloog J, etal. Asthma, chronic bronchitis and respiratory symptoms among adults in Estonia. Respir Med. 2001; 95: 954–64. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kotaniemi J, Lundbäck B, Nieminen M, Sovijärvi A, Laitinen L. Increase of asthma in adults in Northern Finland – a report from The FinEsS study. Allergy. 2001; 56: 169–74. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lâm HT, Rönmark E, Tu’ò'ng NV, Ekerljung L, Chúc NT, Lundbäck B. Increase in asthma and a high prevalence of bronchitis: results from a population study among adults in urban and rural Vietnam. Respir Med. 2011; 105: 177–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekerljung L, Rönmark E, Lötvall J, Wennergren G, Torén K, Lundbäck B. Questionnaire layout and wording influence prevalence and risk estimates of respiratory symptoms in a population cohort. Clin Respir J. 2013; 7: 53–63. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, etal. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012; 40: 1324–43. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999; 54: 581–6. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Björnsson E, Plaschke P, Norrman E, Janson C, Lundbäck B, Rosenhall A, etal. Symptoms related to asthma and chronic bronchitis in three areas of Sweden. Eur Respir J. 1994; 7: 2146–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström M, Kotaniemi J, Jönsson E, Lundbäck B. Smoking, respiratory symptoms and diseases – a comparative study between Northern Sweden and Northern Finland – report from the FinEsS study. Chest. 2001; 119: 852–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotaniemi JT, Sovijärvi A, Lundbäck B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Finland: prevalence and risk factors. COPD. 2005; 2: 331–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsson L, Boethius G, Uddenfeldt M. Differences in utilization of asthma drugs between two neighbouring Swedish provinces: relation to symptom reporting. Eur Respir J. 1993; 6: 198–203. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Montnemery P, Ädelroth E, Heuman K, Johannisson A, Johansson S-Å, Lindholm L-H, etal. Prevalence of obstructive lung diseases and respiratory symptoms in southern Sweden. Respir Med. 1998; 92: 1337–45. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Cai Y, Schikowski T, Adam M, Buschka A, Carsin A-E, Jacquemin B, etal. Cross-sectional associations between air pollution and chronic bronchitis: an ESCAPE meta-analysis across five cohorts. Thorax. 2014; 69: 1005–14. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lundbäck B, Lindberg A, Lindström M, Rönmark E, Jonsson A-C, Jönsson E, etal. Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD? – Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Respir Med. 2003; 97: 115–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman H, Lindberg A, Sovijärvi A, Larsson K, Lundbäck B, Rönmark E. Evaluation of the global lung function initiative 2012 reference values for spirometry in a Swedish population sample. BMC Pulm Med. 2015; 15: 26. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar