The Australian Defence Force Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study: design and methods

References

• Andrews G., Slade T. Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001; 25(6): 494–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor T. F., Higgins-Biddle J. C., Saunders J. B. AUDIT—The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care. 2001; Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Bachynski K. E., Canham-Chervak M., Black S. A., Dada E. O., Millikan A. M., Jones B. H. Mental health risk factors for suicides in the US Army, 2007–8. Injury Prevention. 2012; 18(6): 405–412. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Belik S. L., Stein M. B., Asmundson G. J. G., Sareen J. Are Canadian soldiers more likely to have suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than Canadian civilians?. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 172(11): 1250–1258. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Benassi H., Steele N. Post-operational mental health surveillance: Middle East Area of Operations 2010 Technical Brief 13–11. 2011; Canberra, Australia: Department of Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Bray R. M., Brown J. M., Williams J. Trends in binge and heavy drinking, alcohol-related problems, and combat exposure in the U.S. military. Substance Use & Misuse. 2013; 48(10): 799–810. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Davy C., Dobson A., Lawrence-Wood E., Lorimer M., Moores K., Lawrence A., etal. The Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) Health Study: Prospective study summary report. 2012; Adelaide, Australia: The University of Adelaide, Centre for Military and Veterans Health.
   Google Scholar
• Dobson A., Treloar S., Zheng W., Anderson R., Bredhauer K., Kanesarajah J., etal. The Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) Hhealth Sstudy: Census study summary report. 2012; Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland, Centre for Military and Veterans Health.
   Google Scholar
• Dunt D. A review of mental health care in the ADF and transition through discharge. 2009; , Canberra: Department of Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Fear N. T., Jones M., Murphy D., Hull L., Iversen A. C., Coker B., etal. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. The Lancet. 2010; 375: 1783–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furukawa T. A., Kessler R. C., Slade T., Andrews G. The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine. 2003; 33(2): 357–362. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Haley R. W. Point: Bias from the “healthy-warrior effect” and unequal follow-up in three government studies of health effects of the Gulf War. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998; 148(4): 315–323. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Haro J. M., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S., Brugha T. S., De Girolamo G., Guyer M. E., Jin R., etal. Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2006; 15(4): 167–180. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hoge C. W., Castro C. A., Messer S. C., McGurk D., Cotting D. I., Koffman R. L. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(1): 13–22. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hotopf M., Hull L., Fear N. T., Browne T., Horn O., Iversen A., etal. The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq War: A cohort study. The Lancet. 2006; 367(9524): 1731–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikin J. F., Sim M. R., Creamer M. C., Forbes A. B., McKenzie D. P., Kelsall H. L., etal. War-related psychological stressors and risk of psychological disorders in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 185: 116–126. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Ismail K., Kent K., Brugha T., Hotopf M., Hull L., Seed P., etal. The mental health of UK Gulf War veterans: Phase 2 of a two phase cohort study. BMJ. 2002; 325(7364): 576. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Iversen A. C., Van Staden L., Hughes J. H., Browne T., Hull L., Hall J., etal. The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: Using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2009; 9: 68. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Jones M., Sundin J., Goodwin L., Hull L., Fear N. T., Wessely S. What explains post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK service personnel: Deployment or something else?. Psychological Medicine. 2013; 43(8): 1703–1712. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Jones N., Greenberg N., Fear N. T., Earnshaw M., McAllister P., Reid G., etal. The operational mental health consequences of deployment to Iraq for UK Forces. Journal of Royal Army Medical Corps. 2008; 154(2): 102–106.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler R. C., Amminger G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., Alonso J., Lee S., Ustun T. B. Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2007; 20(4): 359–364. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Kessler R. C., Andrews G., Colpe L. J., Hiripi E., Mroczek D. K., Normand S. L., etal. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine. 2002; 32(6): 959–976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler R. C., Üstün T. B. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2004; 13(2): 93–117. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• McDonald S. D., Calhoun P. S. The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD checklist: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30(8): 976–987. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane A., Hodson S., Van Hooff M., Davies C. Mental health in the Australian Defence Force: 2010 ADF Mental Health and Wellbeing Study: Full report. 2011; Canberra, Australia: Department of Defence.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire A., Waller M., Bleier J., Loos C., Nielsen L., Cosgrove T., etal. Bougainville Health Study—Project completion report. 2009a; Brisbane, Australia: Centre for Military and Veterans Health, University of Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire A., Waller M., Bleier J., Loos C., Nielsen L., Cosgrove T., etal. East Timor Health Study—Project completion report. 2009b; Brisbane, Australia: Centre for Military and Veterans Health, University of Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie D. P., McFarlane A. C., Creamer M., Ikin J. F., Forbes A. B., Kelsall H. L. Hazardous or harmful alcohol use in Royal Australian Navy veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Identification of high risk subgroups. Addictive Behaviors. 2006; 31(9): 1683–1694. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Newman S. C., Shrout P. E., Bland R. C. The efficiency of two-phase designs in prevalence surveys of mental disorders. Psychological Medicine. 1990; 20(1): 183–193. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Oakley Browne M. A., Wells J. E., Scott K. M., McGee M. A. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 44(4): 314–322. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Pickles A., Dunn G., Vazquez-Barquero J. L. Screening for stratification in two-phase (‘two-stage’) epidemiological surveys. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 1995; 4(1): 73–89. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Pinder R. J., Greenberg N., Boyko E. J., Gackstetter G. D., Hooper T. I., Murphy D. Profile of two cohorts: UK and US prospective studies of military health. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2012; 41(5): 1272–1282. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Reinert D. F., Allen J. P. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): A review of recent research. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002; 26(2): 272–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson L. K., Frueh B. C., Acierno R. Prevalence estimates of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: Critical review. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 44: 4–19. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Riddle J. R., Smith T. C., Smith B., Corbeil T. E., Engel C. C., Wells T. S., etal. Millennium Cohort: The 2001–2003 baseline prevalence of mental disorders in the U.S. military. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2007; 60(2): 192–201. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Ryan M. A., Smith T. C., Smith B., Amoroso P., Boyko E. J., Gray G. C. Millennium Cohort: Enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2007; 60(2): 181–191. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Salim A., Welsh A. H. Designing 2-phase prevalence studies in the absence of a “gold standard” test. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009; 170(3): 369–378. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Sareen J., Cox B. J., Afifi T. O., Stein M. B., Belik S. L., Meadows G., etal. Combat and peacekeeping operations in relation to prevalence of mental disorders and perceived need for mental health care: Findings from a large representative sample of military personnel. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007; 64(7): 843–852. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Saunders J. B., Aasland O. G., Babor T. F., De la Fuente J. R., Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption—II. Addiction. 1993; 88(6): 791–804. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Smith T. C., Ryan M. A. K., Wingard D. L., Slymen D. J., Sallis J. F., Kritz-Silverstein D. New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ. 2008; 336(7640): 366–371. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Stahre M. A., Brewer R. D., Fonseca V. P., Naimi T. S. Binge drinking among U.S. active-duty military personnel. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2009; 36(3): 208–217. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Weathers F. W., Litz B. T., Herman D. S., Huska J. A., Keane T. M. The PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C). 1994; Boston, MA: National Centre for PTSD.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins K. C., Lang A. J., Norman S. B. Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety. 2011; 28(7): 596–606. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar