Trauma-related mental health problems among national humanitarian staff: a systematic review of the literature

References

• Afifi M. Gender differences in mental health. Singapore Medical Journal. 2007; 48(5): 385–391.
   Google Scholar
• Ager A., Pasha E., Yu G., Duke T., Eriksson C., Cardozo B. L. Stress, mental health, and burnout in national humanitarian aid workers in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2012; 25: 713–720. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21764.
   Google Scholar
• Altemus M. Sex differences in depression and anxiety disorders: Potential biological determinants. Hormones and Behavior. 2006; 50: 534–538.
   Google Scholar
• Aolain F. N. Women, vulnerability, and humanitarian emergencies. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law. 2011; 18(1): 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Bilal M. S., Rana M. H., Rahim S., Ali S. Psychological trauma in a relief worker: A case report from earthquake-struck areas of North Pakistan. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2007; 22(5): 458–461.
   Google Scholar
• Brady K., Killeen T., Brewerton T., Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61(7): 22–32.
   Google Scholar
• Breslau N. The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2009; 10(3): 198–210. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334448.
   Google Scholar
• Brunello N., Davidson J. R., Deahl M., Kessler R. C., Mendlewicz J., Racagni G., etal. Posttraumatic stress disorder: Diagnosis and epidemiology, comorbidity and social consequences, biology and treatment. Neuropsychobiology. 2001; 43: 150–162. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000054884.
   Google Scholar
• Burazeri G., Kark J. D. Alcohol intake and its correlates in a transitional predominantly Muslim population in Southeastern Europe. Addictive Behaviors. 2010; 35(7): 706–713. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.015.
   Google Scholar
• Burri A., Maercker A. Differences in prevalence rates of PTSD in various European countries explained by war exposure, other trauma and cultural value orientation. BMC Research Notes. 2014; 7: 407. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-407.
   Google Scholar
• Connorton E., Perry M. J., Hemenway D., Miller M. Humanitarian relief work and trauma-related mental illness. Epidemiological Reviews. 2012; 34: 145–155. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr026.
   Google Scholar
• Curling P., Simmons K. B. Stress and staff support strategies for international aid work. Intervention. 2010; 8(2): 93–105.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson L. M., Baum A. Ursano R. J., McCaughey B. G., Fullerton C. S. Psychophysiological aspects of chronic stress following trauma. Individual and community response to trauma and disaster: The structure of human chaos. 1994; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 360–377.
   Google Scholar
• Ditzler T. Mental health and aid workers: The case for collaborative questioning. The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. 2001. Retrieved April 8, 2015, from https://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1482.
   Google Scholar
• Dominici F., Levy J. I., Louis T. A. Methodological challenges and contributions in disaster epidemiology. Epidemiological Reviews. 2005; 27(1): 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich J. H., Elliott T. L. Managing stress in humanitarian aid workers: A survey of humanitarian aid agencies’ psychosocial training and support of staff. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 2004; 10(1): 53–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1001_4.
   Google Scholar
• Ehring T., Razik S., Emmelkamp P. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Research. 2011; 185(1–2): 161–166. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.018.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson C. B., Lopes Cardozo B., Ghitis F., Sabin M. E., Gotway Crawford C. A., Zhu J., etal. Factors associated with adverse mental health outcomes in locally recruited aid workers assisting Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. 2013; 22(6): 660–680. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.803506.
   Google Scholar
• Hagh-Shenas H., Goodarzi M. A., Dehbozorgi G., Farashbandi H. Psychological consequences of the Bam earthquake on professional and nonprofessional helpers. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005; 18(5): 477–483. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20055.
   Google Scholar
• IASC. IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. 2007; Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen L. K., Southwick S. M., Kosten T. R. Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 158(8): 1184–1190.
   Google Scholar
• Kirmayer L. J. Cultural variations in the clinical presentation of depression and anxiety: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62(Suppl. 13): 22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Knox K. L. Epidemiology of the relationship between traumatic experience and suicidal behaviors. PTSD Research Quarterly. 2008; 19(4): 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Koch W. J., Haring M. Hersen M., Rosqvist J. Posttraumatic stress disorder. Handbook of psychological assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment (Vol. 1. Adults) . 2008; Hoboken: Wiley. 263–290.
   Google Scholar
• Kolassa I.-T., Illek S., Wilker S., Karabatsiakis A., Elbert T. Schnyder U., Cloitre M. Neurobilogical findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Evidence based treatments for trauma-related psychological disorders: A practical guide for clinicians. 2015; Cham: Springer. 63–86.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes Cardozo B., Holtz T. H., Kaiser R., Gotway C. A., Ghitis F., Toomey E., etal. The mental health of expatriate and Kosovar Albanian humanitarian aid workers. Disasters. 2005; 29(2): 152–170.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes Cardozo B., Sivilli T. I., Crawford C. A., Scholte W. F., Petit P., Ghitis F., etal. Factors affecting mental health of local staff working in the Vanni region, Sri Lanka. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. 2013; 5(6): 581–590.
   Google Scholar
• Musa S. A., Hamid A. A. R. M. Psychological problems among aid workers operating in Darfur. Social Behaviour and Personality: An International Journal. 2008; 36(3): 407–416. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.3.407.
   Google Scholar
• Olff M., Draijer N., Langeland W., Gersons B. P. R. Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin. 2007; 133(2): 183–204.
   Google Scholar
• Putman K., Lantz J., Townsend C., Gallegos A., Potts A., Roberts R., etal. Exposure to violence, support needs, adjustment, and motivators among Guatemalan humanitarian aid workers. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2009; 44(1–2): 109–115. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9249-5.
   Google Scholar
• Shah S. A., Garland E., Katz C. Secondary traumatic stress: Prevalence in humanitarian aid workers in India. Traumatology. 2007; 13(1): 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon S. D., Green B. L. Mental health effects of natural and human-made disasters. PTSD Research Quarterly. 1992; 3(1):
   Google Scholar
• Stoddard A., Harmer A., Ryou K. Aid worker security report 2014: Unsafe passage. Road attacks and their impact on humanitarian operations. 2014; New York: Humanitarian Outcomes.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor G., Stoddard A., Harmer A., Haver K., Harvey P., Barber K., etal. The state of the humanitarian system. 2012; London: ODI.
   Google Scholar
• Thormar S. B., Gersons B. P. R., Juen B., Djakababa M. N., Karlsson T., Olff M. Organizational factors and mental health in community volunteers: The role of exposure, preparation, training, tasks assigned, and support. Anxiety, Stress & Coping. 2013; 26(6): 624–642. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2012.743021.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. Countries hosting Syrian refugees: Solidarity and burden-sharing. Background Papers for the High Level Segment. 2013; Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Wang X. L., Chan C. L. W., Shi Z. B., Wang B. Mental health risks in the local workforce engaged in disaster relief and reconstruction. Qualitative Health Research. 2013; 23(2): 207–217. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732312467706.
   Google Scholar
• Wang X. L., Yip P. S. F., Chan C. L. W. Suicide prevention of local public and volunteer relief workers in disaster-affected areas. Public Health Management Practice. 2013; 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Welton-Mitchell C. E. UNHCR's mental health and psychosocial support. 2013; Geneva: UNHCR.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Preventing suicide: A global imperative. 2014; Luxembourg: Author.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Gender and women's mental health. 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015, from http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhen Y., Huang Z.-Q., Jin J., Deng X.-Y., Zhang L.-P., Wang J.-G. Posttraumatic stress disorder of Red Cross nurses in the aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan China earthquake. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2012; 26(1): 63–70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2011.02.004.
   Google Scholar