Simplified dietary acute tryptophan depletion: effects of a novel amino acid mixture on the neurochemistry of C57BL/6J mice

References

• Bell CJ, Hood SD, Nutt DJ. Acute tryptophan depletion. Part II: clinical effects and implications. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005; 39: 565–74. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Harmer CJ, McTavish SFB, Clark L, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ. Tyrosine depletion attenuates dopamine function in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2001; 154: 105–11. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Badawy A. Novel nutritional treatment for manic and psychotic disorders: a review of tryptophan and tyrosine depletion studies and the potential of protein-based formulations using glycomacropeptide. Psychopharmacology. 2013; 228: 347–58. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Young SN. Acute tryptophan depletion in humans: a review of theoretical, practical and ethical aspects. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013; 38: 294–305. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Young SN. Appropriate amino acid mixtures for tryptophan depletion and tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion and the safety of long-term amino acid depletion in humans. Psychopharmacology. 2013; 229: 377–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Young SN. Methodology and interpretation of acute tryptophan depletion studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014; 129: 156. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Zepf FD, Sánchez CL, Biskup CS, Kötting WF, Bubenzer S, Helmbold K, etal. Acute tryptophan depletion – converging evidence for decreasing central nervous serotonin synthesis in rodents and humans. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014; 129: 157–9. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Castrogiovanni P, Musumeci G, Trovato FM, Avola R, Magro G, Imbesi R. Effects of high-tryptophan diet on pre- and postnatal development in rats: a morphological study. Eur J Nutr. 2014; 53: 297–308.
   Google Scholar
• Musumeci G, Trovato FM, Avola R, Imbesi R, Castrogiovanni P. Serotonin/growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors axis on pre- and post-natal development: a contemporary review. OA Anatomy. 2013; 1: 12.
   Google Scholar
• Wurtman RJ, Fernstrom JD. Control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis by precursor availability and nutritional state. Biochem Pharmacol. 1976; 25: 1691–6.
   Google Scholar
• Fernstrom JD. Effects on the diet on brain neurotransmitters. Metabolism. 1977; 26: 207–23.
   Google Scholar
• Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Riedel WJ. Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry. 2003; 8: 951–73.
   Google Scholar
• Fadda F, Cocco S, Stancampiano R. A physiological method to selectively decrease brain serotonin release. Brain Res Protoc. 2000; 5: 219–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bongiovanni R, Kyser AN, Jaskiw GE. Tyrosine depletion lowers in vivo DOPA synthesis in ventral hippocampus. Eur J Nutr. 2012; 696: 70–6.
   Google Scholar
• Palmour RM, Ervin FR, Baker GB, Young SN. An amino acid mixture deficient in phenylalanine and tyrosine reduces cerebrospinal fluid catecholamine metabolites and alcohol consumption in vervet monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 1998; 136: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Sharp T. Effect of a tyrosine-free amino acid mixture on regional brain catecholamine synthesis and release. Psychopharmacology. 1999; 141: 182–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan BD, Tharyan P, McTavish SF, Campling GM, Cowen PJ. Use of a dietary manipulation to deplete plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine in healthy subjects. J Psychopharmacol. 1996; 10: 231–4.
   Google Scholar
• Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier carrier-mediated transport and brain metabolism of amino acids. Neurochem Res. 1998; 23: 635–44.
   Google Scholar
• Jakeman PM. Amino acid metabolism, branched-chain amino acid feeding and brain monoamine function. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998; 57: 35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Pardridge WM. Kinetics of competitive inhibition of neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem. 1977; 28: 103–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hood SD, Bell CJ, Nutt DJ. Acute tryptophan depletion. Part I: rationale and methodology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005; 39: 558–64.
   Google Scholar
• Anthony TG, McDaniel BJ, Knoll P, Bunpo P, Paul GL, McNurlan MA. Feeding meals containing soy or whey protein after exercise stimulates protein synthesis and translation initiation in the skeletal muscle of male rats. J Nutr. 2007; 137: 357–62.
   Google Scholar
• Young SN, Smith SE, Pihp RO, Ervin FR. Psychopharmacology Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males. Psychopharmacology. 1985; 87: 173–7.
   Google Scholar
• Badawy AA, Dougherty DM, Richard DM. Specificity of the acute tryptophan and tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion and loading tests part II: normalisation of the tryptophan and the tyrosine plus phenylalanine to competing amino acid ratios in a new control formulation. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2010; 3: 35–47. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Biggio G, Fadda F, Fanni P, Tagliamonte A, Gessa GL. Rapid depletion of serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hyfroxyindoleacetic acid by a tryptophan-free diet. Life Sci. 1974; 14: 1321–9.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado P, Price L, Miller H, Salomon R, Aghajanian G, Heninger G, etal. Serotonin and the neurobiology of depression. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994; 51: 865–74.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward G, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. Low-dose tryptophan depletion in recovered depressed patients induces changes in cognitive processing without depressive symptoms. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57: 517–24. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Moja EA, Stoff DM, Gessa GL, Castoldi D, Assereto R, Tofanetti O. Decrease in plasma tryptophan after tryptophan-free amino acid mixtures in man. Life Sci. 1988; 42: 1551–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez CL, Van Swearingen AED, Arrant AE, Kuhn CM, Zepf FD. Dietary manipulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic function in C57BL/6J mice with amino acid depletion mixtures. J Neural Transm. 2014; 121: 153–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingerkus VLS, Gaber TJ, Helmbold K, Bubenzer S, Eisert A, Sánchez CL, etal. Acute tryptophan depletion in accordance with body weight: influx of amino acids across the blood–brain barrier. J Neural Transm. 2012; 119: 1037–45. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Badawy AA, Dougherty DM, Richard DM. Specificity of the acute tryptophan and tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion and loading tests I. Review of biochemical aspects and poor specificity of current amino Acid formulations. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2010; 2010: 23–34. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Jans LAW, Lieben CKJ, Smits LT, Blokland A. Pharmacokinetics of acute tryptophan depletion using a gelatin-based protein in male and female Wistar rats. Amino Acids. 2009; 37: 349–57. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Choi S, DiSilvio B, Fernstrom MH, Fernstrom JD. The chronic ingestion of diets containing different proteins produces marked variations in brain tryptophan levels and serotonin synthesis in the rat. Neurochem Res. 2011; 36: 559–65. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Choi S, Disilvio B, Fernstrom MH, Fernstrom JD. Meal ingestion, amino acids and brain neurotransmitters: effects of dietary protein source on serotonin and catecholamine synthesis rates. Physiol Behav. 2009; 98: 156–62. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lieben C. Acute tryptophan and serotonin depletion using an optimized tryptophan-free protein–carbohydrate mixture in the adult rat. Neurochem Int. 2004; 44: 9–16. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Biskup CS, Sánchez CL, Arrant A, Van Swearingen AED, Kuhn C, Zepf FD. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on brain serotonin function and concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice. PLoS One. 2012; 7: 35916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijsman HJ, Scarnà A, Harmer CJ, McTavish SB, Odontiadis J, Cowen PJ, etal. A dose-finding study on the effects of branch chain amino acids on surrogate markers of brain dopamine function. Psychopharmacology. 2002; 160: 192–7. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Scarnà A, Gijsman HJ, Harmer CJ, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ. Effect of branch chain amino acids supplemented with tryptophan on tyrosine availability and plasma prolactin. Psychopharmacology. 2002; 159: 222–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opladen T, Hoffmann GF, Kühn AA, Blau N. Pitfalls in phenylalanine loading test in the diagnosis of dopa-responsive dystonia. Mol Genet Metab. 2013; 108: 195–7. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Bandmann O, Goertz M, Zschocke J, Deuschl G, Jost W, Hefter H, etal. The phenylalanine loading test in the differential diagnosis of dystonia. Neurology. 2003; 60: 700–2. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Fernstrom JD. Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurochemistry and function. Amino Acids. 2013. 45: 419–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Masurier M, Oldenzeil W, Lehman C, Cowen P, Sharp T. Effect of acute tyrosine depletion in using a branched chain amino-acid mixture on dopamine neurotransmission in the rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006; 31: 310–17.
   Google Scholar
• Murín R, Hamprecht B. Metabolic and regulatory roles of leucine in neural cells. Neurochem Res. 2008; 33: 279–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young SN, Ervin FR, Pihl RO, Finn P. Biochemical aspects of tryptophan depletion in primates. Psychopharmacology. 1989; 98: 508–11. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Bell C. Tryptophan depletion and its implications for psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry. 2001; 178: 399–405. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Ellenbogen MA, Young SN, Dean P, Palmour RM, Benkelfat C. Mood response to acute tryptophan depletion in healthy volunteers: sex differences and temporal stability. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996; 15: 465–74.
   Google Scholar
• Klaassen T, Riedel WJ, van Someren A, Deutz NE, Honig A, van Praag HM. Mood effects of 24-hour tryptophan depletion in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 46: 489–97.
   Google Scholar
• Feder A, Skipper J, Blair JR, Buchholz K, Mathew SJ, Schwarz M, etal. Tryptophan depletion and emotional processing in healthy volunteers at high risk for depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2011; 69: 804–7. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Van der Veen FM, Evers EAT, Deutz NEP, Schmitt JAJ. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on mood and facial emotion perception related brain activation and performance in healthy women with and without a family history of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; 32: 216–24.
   Google Scholar
• Applebaum J, Bersudsky Y, Klein E. Rapid tryptophan depletion as a treatment for acute mania: a double-blind, pilot-controlled study. Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9: 884–7.
   Google Scholar
• Zepf FD, Wöckel L, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Poustka F, Freitag CM. Tryptophan depletion in bipolar mania: reduction of metabolic imbalance by administration according to body weight?. Bipolar Disord. 2009; 11: 557–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Zepf FD, Wöckel L, Poustka F, Holtmann M. Dietary tryptophan depletion according to body weight – A new treatment option in acute mania?. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72: 47–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Helmbold K, Zvyagintsev M, Dahmen B, Bubenzer-Busch S, Gaber TJ, Crockett MJ, etal. Effects of serotonin depletion on punishment processing in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices of healthy women. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015; 25: 846–56. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrand P, Konigschulte W, Gaber TJ, Bubenzer-busch S, Helmbold K, Biskup CS, etal. Effects of dietary tryptophan and phenylalanine–tyrosine depletion on phasic alertness in healthy adults – A pilot study. Food Nutr Res. 2015; 59: 26407.
   Google Scholar
• Von Polier GG, Biskup CS, Kötting WF, Bubenzer S, Helmbold K, Eisert A, etal. Change in electrodermal activity after acute tryptophan depletion associated with aggression in young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Neural Transm. 2014; 121: 451–5. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez CL, Biskup CS, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Gaber TJ, Kuhn CM, Hood SD, etal. The role of serotonin (5-HT) in behavioral control: findings from animal research and clinical implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015; 1–13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv050 [Epub ahead of print]..
   Google Scholar
• Zepf FD, Dingerkus VLS, Helmbold K, Bubenzer-Busch S, Biskup CS, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, etal. Effects of a short-term reduction in brain serotonin synthesis on the availability of the soluble leptin receptor in healthy women. J Neural Transm. 2015; 122: 343–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar