Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable – the mother, fetus, and newborn child

References

• IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. CambridgeUK: Cambridge University Press.2007, p. 976.
   Google Scholar
• Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R, et al.. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet. 2009; 373: 1693–733.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyatt OM, Lemke B, Kjellstrom T. Regional maps of occupational heat exposure: past, present, and potential future. Glob Health Action. 2010; 3: 5715. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   Google Scholar
• Oke TR. City size and urban heat island. Atmos Environ. 1973; 7: 769–79.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poursafa P, Kelishadi R. What health professionals should know about the health effects of air pollution and climate change on children and pregnant mothers. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011; 16: 257–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsons KCHuman thermal environments: the effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort, and performance. Second Edition. London: Taylor and Francis. 2002. ISBN 0415237920, 9780415237925.
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom T. Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle-income countries. Glob Health Action. 2009; 2. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   Google Scholar
• Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopez SL, Black MM. Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet. 2002; 359: 564–71.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander C, Odland JO, Sandanger TM. Climate change and environmental impacts on maternal and newborn health with focus on Arctic populations. Glob Health Action. 2011; 4: 8452–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer CSE, Hanna E, McMichael AJ. Climate change threatens the achievement of the millennium development goal for maternal health. Midwifery. 2009; 25: 606–12.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   Google Scholar
• Bhutta ZA, Lassi ZS, Blanc A, Donnay F. Likages among reproductive health, maternal health and perinatal outcomes. Semin Perinatol. 2010; 34: 434–45.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman JF, Mital P, Kanzaria HK, Olds GR, Kurtis JD. Schistosomiasis and pregnancy. Trends Parasitol. 2007; 23: 159–64.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Division of Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response, C.F.G.H. CDC. Notes from the field: malnutrition and mortality – southern Somalia, July 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60: 1026–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CYOverview of obstetrics. In: Cunningham FG., Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. Williams obstetrics. 23rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2010. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6020001.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer G, Shah M, Tubiello FN, van Velhuizen H. Socio-economic and climate change impact on agriculture:an intergrated assessment 1990–2080. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005; 29: 2067–83.
   Google Scholar
• Akachi Y, Goodman D, Parker D. Global climate change and child health: a review of pathways, impacts and measures to improve the evidence base. Innocenti Discussion Papers 2009. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Florence, 2009
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2009). Protecting health from climate change: connecting science, policy and people. ISBN 9789241598880. Available from: http://www.who.int/world-health-day/toolkit/report_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, et al.. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008; 371: 243–60.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2013) Number of reported cholera cases 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/cases/en/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Aagaard-Hansen J, Nombela N, Alvar J. Population movement: a key factor in the epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases. Trop Med Int Health. 2010; 15: 1281–8.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imdad A, Sadiq K, Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011; 14: 276–85.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group.Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1347–60.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2011). The top ten causes of death. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2013).Global Health Observatory (GHO). Available from: http://apps.who.int/ghodata/.
   Google Scholar
• Grados P, Battilana CA. Treatment of choleriform diarrhea during pregnancy. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1994; 116: 198–203.
   Google Scholar
• Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, Figueroa D, Cama RI, Patz JA, et al.. Effects of El Nino and ambient temperature on hospital admissions for diarrhoeal diseases in Peruvian children. Lancet. 2000; 355: 442–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2013).Malaria. Fact sheet No. 94. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2011).Initiative for Vaccine Research. Available from: http://www.who.int/heli/risks/vectors/vector/en/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Reiter P. Global warming and malaria: knowing the horse before hitching the cart. Malar J. 2008; 7: S3.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman TK, Rogerson SJ, Fischer PR. The impact of maternal malaria on newborns. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2010; 30: 271–82.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piola P, Nabasumba C, Turyakira E, Dhorda M, Lindegardh N, Nyehangane D, et al.. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine compared with quinine in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 762–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda EE, Nieboer E, Wilsgaard T, Kovalenko AA, Odland JØ. Implementation, quality control and selected pregnancy outcomes of the Murmansk County birth registry in Russia. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2008; 67: 318–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardají A, Sigauque B, Sanz S, Maixenchs M, Ordi J, Aponte JJ, et al.. Impact of malaria at the end of pregnancy on infant mortality and morbidity. J Infect Dis. 2011; 203: 691–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• N'Dao CT, N'Diaye JL, Gaye A, Le Hesran JY. Placental malaria and pregnancy outcome in a peri urban area in Senegal. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2006; 54: 149–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra I, Dent A, Mungai P, Wamachi A, Ouma JH, Narum DL, et al.. Can prenatal malaria exposure produce an immune tolerant phenotype? A prospective birth cohort study in Kenya. Plos Med. 2009 Jul; 6(7):e1000116. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538. Epub 2009 Jul 28.
   Google Scholar
• Pouliot SH, Xiong X, Harville E, Paz-Soldan V, Tomashek KM, Breart G, et al.. Maternal dengue and pregnancy outcomes a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2010; 65: 107–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2010). Schistosomiasis. Fact sheet No. 115. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/index.html [cited 23 February 2011]..
   Google Scholar
• Nour NM. Schistosomiasis: health effects on women. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 3: 28–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ajanga A, Lwambo NJ, Blair L, Nyandindi U, Fenwick A, Brooker S. Schistosoma mansoni in pregnancy and associations with anaemia in northwest Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006; 100: 59–63.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtis JD, Higashi A, Wu HW, Gundogan F, McDonald EA, Sharma S, et al.. Maternal schistosomiasis japonica is associated with maternal, placental and fetal inflammation. Infect Immun. 2011; 1254–61.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   Google Scholar
• Hynes M, Shek M, Wilson HG, Spiegel P. Reproductive health indicators and outcomes among refugee and internally displaced persons in postemergency phase camps. JAMA. 2002; 288: 595–603.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo M, Nerukar A. Migration, refugees, and health risks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7: 556–60.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feikin DR. Mortality and health among internally displaced persons in western Kenya following post-election violence, : novel use of demographic surveillance. Bull World Health Organ ; 88. 2008; 2010: 601–8.
   Google Scholar
• Almond P. Postnatal depression: a global public health perspective. Perspect Public Health. 2009; 129: 221–7.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow M, Smith JE, Lai Y, Jaswal S. Shifting landscapes: immigrant women and postpartum depression. Health Care Women Int. 2008; 29: 593–617.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross J, Hanlon C, Medhin G, Alem A, Tesfaye F, Worku B, et al.. Perinatal mental distress and infant morbidity in Ethiopia: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011; 96: F59–64.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   Google Scholar
• Nasreen HE, Kabir ZN, Forsell Y, Edhborg M. Low birth weight in offspring of women with depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: results from a population based study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 515.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand LB, Barnett AG, Tong S. The influence of season and ambient temperature on birth outcomes: a review of the epidemiological literature. Environ Res. 2011; 111: 451–62.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffield PE, Landrigan PJ. Global climate change and children's health: threats and strategies for prevention. Environ Health Perspect. 2011; 119: 291–8.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar