3,861
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Ethnic minority health in Vietnam: a review exposing horizontal inequity

, , , &
Article: 19803 | Received 01 Oct 2012, Accepted 10 Feb 2013, Published online: 04 Mar 2013

References

  • Gao J, Qian J, Tang S, Eriksson BO, Blas E. Health equity in transition from planned to market economy in China. Health Policy Plan. 2002; 17(Suppl):20–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Liu Y, Hsiao WC, Eggleston K. Equity in health and health care: the Chinese experience. Soc Sci Med. 1999; 49: 1349–56.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • World Health Organization. (2011). Closing the gap: policy into practice on social determinants of health: discussion paper. World Conference on Social Determinants of Health. 19–21 October 2011. Rio de Janeiro: World Health Organization.
  • Granlund D, Chuc NT, Phuc HD, Lindholm L. Inequality in mortality in Vietnam during a period of rapid transition. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 70: 232–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008; 372: 1661–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Malqvist M, Nga NT, Eriksson L, Wallin L, Hoa DP, Persson LA. Ethnic inequity in neonatal survival: a case-referent study in northern Vietnam. Acta Paediatr. 2011; 100: 340–6.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Hoa DP, Nga NT, Malqvist M, Persson LA. Persistent neonatal mortality despite improved under-five survival: a retrospective cohort study in northern Vietnam. Acta Paediatr. 2008; 97: 166–70.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Thorson A, Hoa NP, Long NH. Health-seeking behaviour of individuals with a cough of more than 3 weeks. Lancet. 2000; 356: 1823–4.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Gabriele A. Social services policies in a developing market economy oriented towards socialism: the case of health system reforms in Vietnam. Rev Int Polit Econ. 2006; 13: 258–89.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Hoang MV, Nguyen TB, Kim BG, Dao LH, Nguyen TH, Wright P. Cost of providing the expanded programme on immunization: findings from a facility-based study in Viet Nam, 2005. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 429–34.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Murakami H, Van Cuong N, Van Tuan H, Tsukamoto K, Hien do S. Epidemiological impact of a nationwide measles immunization campaign in Viet Nam: a critical review. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 948–55.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Huong DB, Phuong NK, Bales S, Jiaying C, Lucas H, Segall M. Rural health care in Vietnam and China: conflict between market reforms and social need. Int J Health Serv. 2007; 37: 555–72.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Thuan NT, Lofgren C, Lindholm L, Chuc NT. Choice of healthcare provider following reform in Vietnam. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008; 8: 162.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Tuan T, Dung VT, Neu I, Dibley MJ. Comparative quality of private and public health services in rural Vietnam. Health Policy Plan. 2005; 20: 319–27.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Huong NT, Vree M, Duong BD, Khanh VT, Loan VT, Co NV, et al.. Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis patients in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7: 110.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Wagstaff A. Health insurance for the poor: initial impacts of Vietnam's Health Care Fund for the Poor. World Bank Working Paper Series 4143, Impact Evaluation Series No 11. Washington DC: World Bank. 2007.
  • Ekman B, Liem NT, Duc HA, Axelson H. Health insurance reform in Vietnam: a review of recent developments and future challenges. Health Policy Plan. 2008; 23: 252–63.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Chongsuvivatwong V, Phua KH, Yap MT, Pocock NS, Hashim JH, Chhem R, et al.. Health and health-care systems in southeast Asia: diversity and transitions. Lancet. 2011; 377: 429–37.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Committee for Population Family and Children [Vietnam], and ORC Macro. (2003). Vietnam demographic and health survey 2002. Calverton MD: Committee for Population, Family and Children and ORC Macro. xx, 225. pp.
  • General Statistics Office, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE) [Vietnam], and ORC Macro. (2006). Vietnam population and AIDS indicator survey 2005. Calverton MD: GSO, NIHE and ORC Macro.
  • Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. (2010). The 2009 Vietnam population and housing census: major findings. Hanoi: General Statistics Office.
  • General Statistics Office. (2006). Result of the Viet Nam household living standards survey 2006. Hanoi: General Statistics Office.
  • General Statistics Office. (2008). Result of the survey on household living standards 2008. Hanoi: General Statistics Office.
  • Malqvist M, Eriksson L, Nga NT, Fagerland LI, Hoa DP, Wallin L, et al.. Unreported births and deaths, a severe obstacle for improved neonatal survival in low-income countries; a population based study. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2008; 8: 4.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Huy TQ, Long NH, Hoa DP, Byass P, Ericksson B. Validity and completeness of death reporting and registration in a rural district of Vietnam. Scand J Public Health Suppl. 2003; 62: 12–8.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • World Health Organization. (2003). Health and ethnic minorities in Viet Nam. Hanoi: World Health Organization. Technical Series No. 1.
  • Baulch B, Chuyen T, Haughton D, Haughton J. Ethnic minority development in Vietnam. J Dev Stud. 2007; 43: 1151–76.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Imai K, Gaiha R. Poverty, inequalities and ethnic minorities in Vietnam. BWPI Working Paper 10. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute. 2007
  • Taylor P. Minorities at large; new approaches to minority ethnicity in Vietnam. Singapore: ISEAS. 2008, pp. 3–43.
  • McElwee P. “Blood relatives” or uneasy neighbours? Kinh migrant and ethnic minority interactions in the Truong Son Mountains. Minorities at large; new approaches to minority ethnicity in Vietnam. Taylor PISEAS. Singapore, 2008; 81–116.
  • Committee of Ethnic Minorities, UNICEF. (2003). Reaching out for change: a qualitative assessment of government health care and education policies affecting the women and children of ethnic minorities. Hanoi: UNICEF.
  • Volkmann CS. Children's rights and the MDGs: the right to health within Vietnam's transition towards a market economy. Health Hum Rights. 2006; 9: 56–79.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Hanh DB. Contesting marginality: consumption, networks, and everyday practice among Hmong Girls in Sa Pa, Northwestern Vietnam. Minorities at large; new approaches to minority ethnicity in Vietnam. Taylor PISEAS. Singapore, 2008; 231–60.
  • Collins JA, Fauser BC. Balancing the strengths of systematic and narrative reviews. Hum Reprod Update. 2005; 11: 103–4.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Toan NV, Trong LN, Hojer B, Persson LA. Public health services use in a mountainous area, Vietnam: implications for health policy. Scand J Publ Health. 2002; 30: 86–93.
  • Castel P. Vietnam Health Insurance: use of health care services by the poor efficiency and equity issues in the province of Kon Tum. SSRN eLibrary. 2009.
  • Ministry of Health, Health Partnership Group. (2009). Joint annual health review 2009 – human resources for health in Vietnam. Hanoi: Health Partnership Group.
  • Wagstaff A. Estimating health insurance impacts under unobserved heterogeneity: the case of Vietnam's health care fund for the poor. Health Econ. 2010; 19: 189–208.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Ministry of Health, Health Partnership Group. (2010). Joint annual health review 2010 – Vietnam's health system on the threshold of the five-year plan 2011–2015. Hanoi: Health Partnership Group.
  • Teerawichitchainan B, Phillips JF. Ethnic differentials in parental health seeking for childhood illness in Vietnam. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 66: 1118–30.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Hong TK, Dibley MJ, Tuan T. Factors affecting utilization of health care services by mothers of children ill with diarrhea in rural Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003; 34: 187–98.
  • Rheinlander T, Samuelsen H, Dalsgaard A, Konradsen F. Perspectives on child diarrhoea management and health service use among ethnic minority caregivers in Vietnam. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 690.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • UNICEF., Dien Bien Provincial People's Committee. An analysis of the situation of children in Dien Bien. Hanoi: UNICEF. 2010.
  • Oosterhoff P, White J, Thi Huong N. Family health consequences of modernisation programmes in Black Thai communities. Cult Health Sex. 2011; 1.
  • World Health Organization. (2005). Maternal mortality in Viet Nam 2000–2001: an in-depth analysis of causes and determinants. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Teerawichitchainan B, Amin S. The role of abortion in the last stage of fertility decline in Vietnam. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2010; 36: 80–9.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Amin S, Teerawichitchainan B. Ethnic fertility differentials in Vietnam and their proximate determinants. Working Paper No 18.. New York: Population Council. 2009.
  • UNFPA. (2008). Reproductive health of H'mong people in Ha Giang province – medical anthropology perspective. Hanoi: UNFPA.
  • Graner S, Klingberg-Allvin M, Phuc HD, Krantz G, Mogren I. The panorama and outcomes of pregnancies within a well-defined population in rural Vietnam 1999–2004. Int J Behav Med. 2009; 16: 269–77.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Ekman B, Axelson H, Ha D, Liem N. Use of maternal health care services and ethnicity: a cross-sectional analysis of Vietnam. SSRN eLibrary. 2007.
  • UNICEF. (2010). An analysis of the situation of children in Viet Nam 2010. Hanoi: UNICEF. 2010.
  • Ministry of Planning and Investment. (2010). Vietnam population and housing census 2009 – sex ratio at birth in Vietnam: new evidence on patterns, trends and differentials. Hanoi: Ministry of Planning and Investment.
  • Malqvist M, Nga NT, Eriksson L, Wallin L, Ewald U, Persson LA. Delivery care utilisation and care-seeking in the neonatal period: a population-based study in Vietnam. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2008; 28: 191–8.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Sepehri A, Sarma S, Simpson W, Moshiri S. How important are individual, household and commune characteristics in explaining utilization of maternal health services in Vietnam?. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67: 1009–17.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Vo Van T, Hoat LN, Jan van Schie T. Situation of the Kinh poor and minority women and their use of the Maternal Care and Family Planning Service in Nam Dong Mountainous District, Thuathien-Hue Province, Vietnam. Rural Remote Health. 2004; 4: 255.
  • UNFPA. (2007). Knowledge and behaviour of ethnic minorities on reproductive health. Hanoi: UNFPA.
  • UNFPA. (2008). Childbirth in ethnic minority communities – a qualitative study in Binh Dinh province. Hanoi: UNFPA.
  • Malqvist M. Neonatal mortality: an invisible and marginalised trauma. Glob Health Action. 2011; 16: 4.
  • Knowles JC, Bales S, Cuong LQ, Oanh TTM, Luon DH. Health Equity in Viet Nam: a situation analysis focused on maternal and child mortality. Background paper prepared for the UNICEF Consultancy on Equity in Access to Quality Healthcare for Women and Children, April 8–10, 2009. Ha Long., Viet Nam.
  • Bui QT, Le Linh C, Rahman Z. Child health status and maternal and child care in Quangtri Province, Vietnam. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2008; 20(Suppl):228–35.
  • Haughton D, Haughton J. Explaining child nutrition in Vietnam. Econ Dev Cult Change. 1997; 45: 541–56.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Thang NM, Popkin BM. In an era of economic growth, is inequity holding back reductions in child malnutrition in Vietnam?. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003; 12: 405–10.
  • Thang NM, Popkin BM. Patterns of food consumption in Vietnam: effects on socioeconomic groups during an era of economic growth. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004; 58: 145–53.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Thang NM, Popkin B. Child malnutrition in Vietnam and its transition in an era of economic growth. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003; 16: 233–44.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Trinh LT, Dibley M. Anaemia in pregnant, postpartum and non pregnant women in Lak district, Daklak province of Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007; 16: 310–5.
  • Vach TH, Cuong LQ. Study on access to care, treatment, and support for children and women with HIV and AIDS among communities with higher numbers of ethnic minority people in Dien Bien, Kon Tum, and An Giansg provinces. Hanoi: UNICEF, Research Center of Rural Population and Health and Ministry of Health. 2010.
  • Hammett TM, Johnston P, Kling R, Liu W, Ngu D, Tung ND, et al.. Correlates of HIV status among injection drug users in a border region of southern China and northern Vietnam. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 38: 228–35.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Des Jarlais DC, Johnston P, Friedmann P, Kling R, Liu W, Ngu D, et al.. Patterns of HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in the cross-border area of Lang Son Province, Vietnam, and Ning Ming County, Guangxi Province, China. BMC Public Health. 2005; 5: 89.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Bui TD, Pham CK, Pham TH, Hoang LT, Nguyen TV, Vu TQ, et al.. Cross-sectional study of sexual behaviour and knowledge about HIV among urban, rural, and minority residents in Viet Nam. Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 79: 15–21.
  • Hung le Q, Vries PJ, Giao PT, Nam NV, Binh TQ, Chong MT, et al.. Control of malaria: a successful experience from Viet Nam. Bull World Health Organ. 2002; 80: 660–6.
  • Abe T, Honda S, Nakazawa S, Tuong TD, Thieu NQ, Hung le X, et al.. Risk factors for malaria infection among ethnic minorities in Binh Phuoc, Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2009; 40: 18–29.
  • Peeters Grietens K, Xuan XN, Van Bortel W, Duc TN, Ribera JM, Ba Nhat T, et al.. Low perception of malaria risk among the Ra-glai ethnic minority in south-central Vietnam: implications for forest malaria control. Malar J. 2010; 9: 23.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Schratz A, Pineda MF, Reforma LG, Fox NM, Le Anh T, Tommaso Cavalli-Sforza L, et al.. Neglected diseases and ethnic minorities in the Western Pacific Region exploring the links. Adv Parasitol. 2010; 72: 79–107.
  • Verle P, Kongs A, De NV, Thieu NQ, Depraetere K, Kim HT, et al.. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in northern Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. 2003; 8: 961–4.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Uetani M, Jimba M, Kaku T, Ota K, Wakai S. Oral health status of vulnerable groups in a village of the Central Highlands, southern Vietnam. Int J Dent Hyg. 2006; 4: 72–6.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • UNICEF, Viet Nam Administration of Preventive Medicine. (2007). A summary of national baseline survey on environmental sanitation and hygiene situation in Viet Nam. Hanoi: UNICEF.
  • Panter-Brick C, Clarke SE, Lomas H, Pinder M, Lindsay SW. Culturally compelling strategies for behaviour change: a social ecology model and case study in malaria prevention. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 62: 2810–25.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Rheinlander T, Samuelsen H, Dalsgaard A, Konradsen F. Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities?. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71: 994–1001.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Niemi M, Thanh HT, Tuan T, Falkenberg T. Mental health priorities in Vietnam: a mixed-methods analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010; 10: 257.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • World Bank. (2009). Country social analysis – ethnicity and development in Vietnam. Summary Report. Washington DC: Social Development Unit, Sustainable Development Department, East Asia and Pacific Region.
  • World Bank. (2003). Vietnam – delivering on its promise. Hanoi: World Bank.
  • Axelson H, Sarah B, Pham DM, Ekman B, Gerdtham UG. Health financing for the poor produces promising short-term effects on utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure: evidence from Vietnam. Int J Equity Health. 2009; 8.
  • Committee for Ethnic Minority Affairs, UNDP. (2008). Final report – analysis of the P135-II Baseline Survey. Hanoi: UNDP.
  • UNFPA. (2008). Reproductive health of ethnic minority groups in the greater Mekong sub-region. Bangkok: UNFPA. 2008.
  • Wook CB. Vietnamisation of southern Vietnam during the first half of the nineteenth century. Asian Ethnicity. 2003; 4: 47–65.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Bonnin C. Navigating fieldwork politics, practicalities and ethics in the upland borderlands of northern Vietnam. Asia Pac Viewp. 2010; 51: 179–92.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Scott S, Miller F, Lloyd K. Doing fieldwork in development geography: research culture and research spaces in Vietnam. Geogr Res. 2006; 44: 28–40.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • King M, Smith A, Gracey M. Indigenous health part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap. Lancet. 2009; 374: 76–85.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.
  • Gellner E. Thought and change 1964. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
  • Stewart F. Horizontal inequalities: a neglected dimension of development. Working Paper No 1, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, (CRISE), Queen Elisabeth House. Oxford: University of Oxford. 2003.
  • Solar O, Irwin A. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010.
  • Sassi F, Carrier J, Weinberg J. Affirmative action: the lessons for health care. BMJ. 2004; 328: 1213–4.10.3402/gha.v6i0.19803.